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- Greek archaic letters, used primarily from the 9th to the 6th centuries BCE, represent the early forms of the Greek alphabet before it stabilized into its classical form. Key letters from this period include digamma (Ϝ), which later disappeared, and koppa (Ϙ), which was used for numerical purposes.
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Many local variants of the Greek alphabet were employed in ancient Greece during the archaic and early classical periods, until around 400 BC, when they were replaced by the classical 24-letter alphabet that is the standard today.
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In Archaic and early Classical times, the Greek alphabet existed in many local variants, but, by the end of the 4th century BC, the Euclidean alphabet, with 24 letters, ordered from alpha to omega, had become standard and it is this version that is still used for Greek writing today.
Greek archaic letters, used primarily from the 9th to the 6th centuries BCE, represent the early forms of the Greek alphabet before it stabilized into its classical form. Key letters from this period include digamma (Ϝ), which later disappeared, and koppa (Ϙ), which was used for numerical purposes.
- Chronology of Adoption
- Restructuring of The Phoenician Abjad
- Epichoric Alphabets
- Additional Letters
- Standardization – The Ionic Alphabet
- Later Developments
- Names of The Letters
- Greek Numerals
- Diffusion
- Bibliography
Most specialists believe that the Phoenician alphabet was adopted for Greek during the early 8th century BC, perhaps in Euboea. The earliest known fragmentary Greek inscriptions date from this time, 770–750 BC, and they match Phoenician letter forms of c. 800–750 BC. The oldest substantial texts known to date are the Dipylon inscription and the tex...
The majority of the letters of the Phoenician alphabet were adopted into Greek with much the same sounds as they had had in Phoenician. However, Phoenician, like other Semitic scripts, has a range of consonants, commonly called gutturals, that did not exist in Greek: ʼāleph [ʔ], hē [h,e,a], ḥēth [ħ], and ʽayin [ʕ]. Of these, only ḥēth was retained ...
In the 8th to 6th centuries, local or epichoric variants of the alphabet developed. They are classified into three main groups, following Adolf Kirchhoff (1887): green (Cretan), red (Euboean or Western) and blue (Ionic, Attic and Corinthian). The main distinction is in the supplemental signs added to the Phoenician core inventory. With the exceptio...
In some, but not all, Greek dialects, additional letters were created to represent aspirated versions of Κ and Π (an aspirated version of Τ already existed as described above) and combinations of Κ and Π with Σ. There was some variation between dialects as to the symbols used: 1. [kʰ]could be Κ, ΚΗ, Ψ, or Χ 2. [pʰ]could be Π, ΠΗ, or Φ 3. [ks]could ...
In 403/2 BC, following the devastating defeat in the Peloponnesian War and the restoration of democracy, the Athenians voted to abandon the old Attic alphabet (Pre-Euclidean alphabet) and to introduce a standardized variant of the eastern Ionic alphabet, after a proposal by archon Eucleides. This Euclidean alphabet included eta and omega, which con...
By the time of late antiquity and the early Byzantine period, two different styles of handwriting had developed, both suitable to the act of writing with quill and ink on soft materials (paper or parchment). The uncial script consisted of large upright letter glyphs, similar to those used in inscriptions on stone and to the modern uppercase glyphs....
The names of some letters were changed in order to distinguish them from certain digraphs which had become homophonous, as follows:
The letters of the alphabet were used in the system of Greek numerals. For this purpose the letters digamma and qoppa (but not san) were retained although they had gone out of general use, and the obscure letter sampi was added at the end of the alphabet. Digamma was often replaced in numerical use by stigma(Ϛ), originally a ligature of sigma and t...
The Old Italic and Anatolianalphabets are, like the Greek alphabet, attested from the 8th century BC. The Old Italic scripts trace their lineage from the Eubeoan variant of the Greek script, which was different from the Ionian alphabet still used today.
Bernal, Martin (1990), Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean and Further West Before 1400 BC, Eisenbrauns, ISBN 0-931464-47-1Peter T Daniels and William Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-19-507993-0, especially Section 21 "Transmission of the Phoenician Script to the West" (Pierre...Lilian Hamilton "Anne" Jeffery, The local scripts of archaic Greece: a study of the origin of the Greek alphabet and its development from the eighth to the fifth centuries B.C., Oxford, 1961, ISBN...P. Kyle McCarter Jr., The antiquity of the Greek alphabet and the early Phoenician scripts, Harvard Semitic monographs, 1975. ISBN 0-89130-066-X.Archaic Greek alphabets. Distribution of "green", "red" and "blue" alphabet types, after Kirchhoff. Many local variants of the Greek alphabet were employed in ancient Greece during the archaic and early classical periods, until around 400 BC, when they were re...
Aug 1, 2023 · The Greek alphabet allowed for the development of Greek culture on every level. It was adopted by the Etruscans, who then transmitted it to the Romans, who developed Latin script, which became the basis for modern-day alphabetic script and enabled the written word as it is presently known.
Jan 11, 2022 · Many of the letters remained in Modern Greek, including Alpha, Beta, Delta, and even Omicron, despite first appearing more than 2,500 years ago. Soon the Greek alphabet (and much of its culture) was borrowed into Latin, with Archaic Latin script appearing circa 500 BCE.
