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  1. Attenuated vaccines function by encouraging the body to create antibodies and memory immune cells in response to the specific pathogen which the vaccine protects against. Common examples of live attenuated vaccines are measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, and some influenza vaccines.

    • Inactivated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines use the killed version of the germ that causes a disease. Inactivated vaccines usually don’t provide immunity (protection) that’s as strong as live vaccines.
    • Live-attenuated vaccines. Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the germ that causes a disease. Because these vaccines are so similar to the natural infection that they help prevent, they create a strong and long-lasting immune response.
    • Messenger RNA vaccines—also called mRNA vaccines. Researchers have been studying and working with mRNA vaccines for decades and this technology was used to make some of the COVID-19 vaccines.
    • Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines. Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use specific pieces of the germ—like its protein, sugar, or capsid (a casing around the germ).
    • Live-attenuated vaccines. Live-attenuated vaccines contain live pathogens from either a bacteria or a virus that have been "attenuated," or weakened. According to Dr. Scully, live-attenuated vaccines are produced by selecting strains of a bacteria or virus that still produce a robust enough immune response but that does not cause disease.
    • Inactivated vaccines. Inactivated vaccines take a live pathogen and inactivate or kill it. When the vaccine is then introduced to a human through a shot, for example, the inactivated pathogen is strong enough to create an immune response, however, is incapable of causing disease.
    • Subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines are made from a piece of a pathogen, not the whole organism, so they do not contain any live pathogens. Some important subunit vaccines are polysaccharide vaccines, conjugate vaccines, and protein-based vaccines.
    • Toxoid vaccines. Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins to target the toxic activity created by the bacteria, rather than targeting the bacteria itself.
  2. Apr 16, 2021 · Live-attenuated vaccines are a very effective type of vaccine used in the prevention of diseases including influenza, chickenpox, measles, polio and TB.

  3. Feb 1, 2021 · Live attenuated virus vaccines are among the most effective interventions to combat viral infections. Historically, the mechanism of attenuation has involved genetically reducing the viral growth rate, often achieved by adapting the virus to grow in a novel condition.

    • Rustom Antia, Hasan Ahmed, James J. Bull
    • 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008602
    • 2021
    • PLoS Comput Biol. 2021 Feb; 17(2): e1008602.
  4. Nov 4, 2023 · By Mayo Clinic Staff. A coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine can prevent you from getting COVID-19 or from becoming seriously ill or dying due to COVID-19. But how do the different types of COVID-19 vaccines work? Each COVID-19 vaccine causes the immune system to create antibodies to fight COVID-19.

  5. May 24, 2023 · Live-attenuated vaccines. Offer long-lasting, even lifetime protection. Could cause a life-threatening infection in someone with a weak or suppressed immune system. Require two doses to achieve maximum immunity.

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