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As adults we bring our earliest experiences with us into our own experiences of giving birth and parenting. APPPAH offers education and support for integrating birth experience at all ages, whether we are expecting a new baby or raising adolescents. We explore how events in our families' pasts create patterns which impact our parenting.
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Birth Psychology is a field of scientific research and...
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- What Is Adler’s Birth Order Theory?
- First-Born Child
- Middle Child
- Last Child
- Only Child
- How Birth Order Influences Relationships
- Debunking Myths and Limitations
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Birth order refers to the order a child is born in relation to their siblings, such as whether they are first-born, middle-born, or last-born. You’ve probably heard people joke about how the eldest child is the bossy one, the middle child is the peace-maker, and the youngest child is the irresponsible rebel—but is there any truth to these stereotypes?
Psychologists often look at how birth order can affect development, behavior patterns, and personality characteristics, and there is some evidence that birth order might play a role in certain aspects of personality.
At a Glance
Early in the 20th century, the Austrian psychiatrist Alfred Adler introduced the idea that birth order could impact development and personality. Adler, the founder of individual psychology, was heavily influenced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud.
Key points of Adler's birth order theory were that firstborns were more likely to develop a strong sense of responsibility, middleborns a desire for attention, and lastborns a sense of adventure and rebellion.
Adler's birth order theory suggests that firstborns get more attention and time from their parents. New parents are still learning about child-rearing, which means that they may be more rule-oriented, strict, cautious, and sometimes even neurotic.
They are often described as responsible leaders with Type A personalities, a phenomenon sometimes referred to as "oldest-child syndrome."
"Older siblings, regardless of gender, often feel more deprived or envious since they have experienced having another child divert attention away from them at some point in their lives. They tend to be more success-oriented,” explains San Francisco therapist Dr. Avigail Lev.
Firstborn children are often described as:
•Leaders
•High-achieving (or sometimes even over-achieving)
Adler suggested that middle children tend to become the family’s peacemaker since they often have to mediate conflicts between older and younger siblings. Because they tend to be overshadowed by their eldest siblings, middle children may seek social attention outside of the family.
In families with three children, the youngest male sibling is likely to be more passive or easy-going.
— DR. AVIGAIL LEV
Middleborns are often described as:
•Independent
•Peacemakers
Lastborns, often referred to as the "babies" of the family, are often seen as spoiled and pampered compared to their older siblings. Because parents are more experienced at this point (and much busier), they often take a more laissez-faire approach to parenting.
Last-born children are sometimes described as:
•Outgoing
•Fun-loving
•Charming
•Free-spirited
Only children are unique in that they never have to share their parents' attention and resources with a sibling. It can be very much like being a firstborn in many ways. These kids may be doted on by their caregivers, but never have younger siblings to interact with, which may have an impact on development.
Only children are often described as:
•Mature
•Diligent
•Thoughtful
•Perfectionistic
Birth order may affect relationships in a wide variety of ways. For example, it may impact how you form connections with other people. It can also affect how you behave within these relationships.
Dr. Lev suggests that the effects of birth order can differ depending on gender.
"For instance, in a family with two female siblings, the younger one often appears more confident and empowered, while the older one is more achievement-focused and insecure," she explains.
She also suggests that there is often a notable rivalry between same-sex siblings versus that of mixed-gender siblings. Again, this effect can vary depending on gender. Where an older sister might be less secure and the younger sister more secure, the opposite is often true when it comes to older and younger brothers.
"This could be because older sisters often assume a motherly role, while older brothers might take on more of a bully role. As a result, younger brothers are generally more insecure, whereas younger sisters tend to be more confident than their older siblings," she explains.
Some other potential effects include:
While birth order theory holds a popular position in culture, much of the available evidence suggests that it likely only has a minimal impact on developmental outcomes. In other words, birth order is only one of many factors that affect how we grow and learn.
While some research suggests that there are some small personality differences between the oldest and youngest siblings, researchers have concluded that there are no significant differences in personality or cognitive abilities based on birth order.
Adler’s birth order theory suggests that the order in which you are born into your family can have a lasting impact on your behavior, emotions, and relationships with other people. While there is some support indicating that birth order can affect people in small ways, keep in mind that it is just one part of the developmental puzzle.
Family dynamics are complex, which means that your relationships with both your parents and siblings are influenced by factors like genetics, environment, child temperament, and socioeconomic status.
In other words, there may be some truth to the idea that firstborns get more attention (and responsibility), that middleborns get less attention (and more independence), and that lastborns get more freedom (and less discipline). But the specific dynamics in your family might hinge more on things like resources and parenting styles than on whether you arrived first, middle, or last.
Individual aspects of your own personality are shaped by many things, but you may find it helpful to reflect on your own experiences in your family and consider the influence that birth order might have had.
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The screenings detect potential birth defects, including neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Down syndrome), genetic diseases, and other potentially dangerous conditions. Early testing allows parents to prepare for a baby with certain conditions or to make decisions about terminating the pregnancy. Figure 13.1.
- Sally Walters
- 2020
From 9–12 weeks, the sex organs begin to differentiate. At about 16 weeks, the fetus is approximately 4.5 inches long. Fingers and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible. By the time the fetus reaches the sixth month of development (24 weeks), it weighs up to 1.4 pounds.
Jun 15, 2018 · A birthday. The day you slid down the birth canal and took your first breath on your own. You and seven billion other living people had that experience. If I had any mathematical or statistical ...
Oct 11, 2022 · Alfred Adler’s birth order theory suggests that your personality is affected by the order in which you were born in your family. We’ve all heard the clichés. You might tell someone who’s ...
Mar 2, 2023 · Some of the many issues developmental psychologists assist with include: Cognitive development during childhood and throughout life. Developmental challenges and learning disabilities. Emotional development. Language acquisition. Moral reasoning. Motor skill development. Personality development.
