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O herdeiro da coroa de Inglaterra pasa a titularse príncipe de Gales desde este ano. O rei de Bohemia, Venceslau III, asume a coroa de Hungría (até 1306), á morte de André III. Arte e cultura. Remate do Palazzo Vecchio (Pazo Vello) de Florencia. Ciencia e tecnoloxía. 25 de outubro: aparición do cometa Halley; é o 21º rexistro do seu ...
March 25 – Robert de Ferrers, English nobleman and knight (d. 1350) June 9 – Rupert I, German nobleman and count palatine (d. 1390) December 6 – Humphrey de Bohun, English nobleman (d. 1361) [citation needed] probable – Aldona of Lithuania (or "Anna"), queen consort of Poland (d. 1339) Conrad of Megenberg, German scholar and scientist ...
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- Proto-English
- Old English
- Middle English
- Early Modern English
- Modern English
- Phonological Changes
- Grammatical Changes
- Examples
- See Also
- Further Reading
English has its roots in the languages of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe. During the Roman Empire, most of the Germanic-inhabited area (Germania) remained independent from Rome, although some southwestern parts were within the empire. Some Germanics served in the Roman military, and troops from Germanic tribes such as the Tungri, Batavi, M...
The Germanic settlers in the British Isles initially spoke a number of different dialects, which would develop into a language that came to be called Anglo-Saxon. It displaced the indigenous Brittonic Celtic (and the Latin of the former Roman rulers) in parts of the areas of Britain that later formed the Kingdom of England, while Celtic languages r...
Middle English is the form of English spoken roughly from the time of the Norman Conquestin 1066 until the end of the 15th century. For centuries after the Conquest, the Norman kings and high-ranking nobles in England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles spoke Anglo-Norman, a variety of Old Norman, originating from a northern langue d'...
English underwent extensive sound changes during the 15th century, while its spelling conventions remained largely constant. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. The language was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administra...
The first authoritative and full-featured English dictionary, the Dictionary of the English Language, was published by Samuel Johnson in 1755. To a high degree, the dictionary standardized both English spelling and word usage. Meanwhile, grammar texts by Lowth, Murray, Priestly, and others attempted to prescribe standard usage even further. Early M...
Introduction
Over the last 1,200 years or so, English has undergone extensive changes in its vowel system, but many fewer changes to its consonants. In the Old English period, a number of umlaut processes affected vowels in complex ways, and unstressed vowels were gradually eroded, eventually leading to a loss of grammatical case and grammatical gender in the Early Middle English period. The most important umlaut process was *i-mutation (c. 500 CE), which led to pervasive alternations of all sorts, many o...
Vowel changes
The following table shows the principal developments in the stressed vowels, from Old English through Modern English (Cindicates any consonant): The following chart shows the primary developments of English vowels in the last 600 years, in more detail, since Late Middle English of Chaucer's time. The Great Vowel Shift can be seen in the dramatic developments from c.1400to 1600. Neither of the above tables covers the history of Middle English diphthongs, the changes before /r/, or various spec...
Examples
The vowel changes over time can be seen in the following example words, showing the changes in their form over the last 2,000 years:
The English language once had an extensive declension system similar to Latin, Greek, modern German and Icelandic. Old English distinguished among the nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive cases, and for strongly declined adjectives and some pronouns also a separate instrumental case (which otherwise and later completely coincided with the d...
Beowulf
Beowulf is an Old English epic poem in alliterative verse. It is dated from the 8th to the early 11th centuries. These are the first 11 lines: Which, as translated by Francis Barton Gummere, reads:
Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
This is the beginning of The Voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan, a prose text in Old English dated to the late 9th century. The full text can be found at Wikisource.
Ayenbite of Inwyt
From Ayenbite of Inwyt("the prick of conscience"), a translation of a French confessional prose work into the Kentish dialect of Middle English, completed in 1340:
Bill Bryson (1990). The Mother Tongue - English And How It Got That Way. William Morrow Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0380715435.David Crystal (2013). The Story of English in 100 Words. Picador. ISBN 978-1250024206.David Crystal (2015). Wordsmiths and Warriors: The English-Language Tourist's Guide to Britain. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198729136.John McWhorter (2017). Words on the Move: Why English Won't - and Can't - Sit Still (Like, Literally). Picador. ISBN 978-1250143785.The category is for articles and events specifically related to the decade of the 1300s which begins in the year 1300 and ends in the year 1309. Note that 1300 is actually the last year of the 13th century ; 1301 is the actual first year of the 14th century .
Key events. Spanish tax reform of 1845. Spanish Revolution of 1854. Chronology. Minority of Isabella II. Bienio progresista. In the history of Spain, the década moderada ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdekaða moðeˈɾaða], " moderate decade") was the period from May 1844 to July 1854, during which the Moderate Party continuously held power.
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