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Figure 4.4 The force exerted by a stretched spring can be used as a standard unit of force. (a) This spring has a length x when undistorted. (b) When stretched a distance Δx , the spring exerts a restoring force, Frestore , which is reproducible. (c) A spring scale is one device that uses a spring to measure force.
Newton's Laws: Forces and Motion A force is a push or a pull. A force is a vector : it has a magnitude and a direction. Forces add like vectors, not like scalars. Example: Two forces, labeled F 1 and F 2, are both acting on the same object. The forces have the same magnitude F F F 12 oand are 90 apart in direction: F F F F F
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velocity = speed + direction of motion Things that have both a magnitude and a direction are called vectors. More on vectors in Ch.3. For 1D motion (motion along a straight line, like on an air track), we can represent the direction of motion with a +/– sign. + = going right .
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coefficient or rolling friction μ. , defined as the ratio of the force needed for constant speed to the normal force exerted by the surface over which the rolling motion takes place, is significantly lower than the coefficient of kinetic friction μ. Typical values for μ range from 10−3 to 10−2.
- Chapter 7 Newton’s Laws of Motion
- 7.2 Newton’s First Law
- 7.3 Momentum, Newton’s Second Law and Third Law
- Definition: Quantity of Motion
I have not as yet been able to discover the reason for these properties of gravity from phenomena, and I do not feign hypotheses. For whatever is not deduced from the phenomena must be called a hypothesis; and hypotheses, whether metaphysical or physical, or based on occult qualities, or mechanical, have no place in experimental philosophy. In this...
The First Law of Motion, commonly called the “Principle of Inertia,” was first realized by Galileo. (Newton did not acknowledge Galileo’s contribution.) Newton was particularly concerned with how to phrase the First Law in Latin, but after many rewrites Newton choose the following expression for the First Law (in English translation): Law 1: Every ...
Newton began his analysis of the cause of motion by introducing the quantity of motion:
The quantity of motion is the measure of the same, arising from the velocity and quantity of matter conjointly. The motion of the whole is the sum of the motion of all its parts; and therefore in a body double in quantity, with equal velocity, the motion is double, with twice the velocity, it is quadruple.5 Our modern term for quantity of motion is...
Figure 2: Figure E4.4 from University Physics). 2 Newton’s First Law Experiments have con rmed, time and again, the wide application of this physical law. Newton’s 1st Law A body acted on by no net force moves with constant velocity (which may be zero) and zero acceleration. The tendency of a body to keep moving once it is set in motion ...
Figure 3.8: Motion diagram and free-body diagram for a box being dragged to the right, by means of a string, across a flat surface. Step 4 - Compare and contrast the free-body diagrams you drew in steps 2 and 3. The free-body diagrams are quite different, with one having no forces and the other having four.
