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- Dual monarchy is a union of two monarchies where the thrones of each monarchy are combined. A typical case is a personal union in which the crowns of the separate kingdoms are held by one person.
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A dual monarchy is a stronger bond than a personal union, in which two or more kingdoms are ruled by the same person but there are no other shared government structures. States in personal union with each other have separate militaries, separate foreign policies and separate customs duties.
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.
Austria-Hungary, the Hapsburg empire from 1867 until its collapse in 1918. The result of a constitutional compromise (Ausgleich) between Emperor Franz Joseph and Hungary (then part of the empire), it consisted of diverse dynastic possessions and an internally autonomous kingdom of Hungary.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
A dual monarchy is a stronger bond than a personal union, in which two or more kingdoms are ruled by the same person but there are no other shared government structures. States in personal union with each other have separate militaries, separate foreign policies and separate customs duties.
- Overview
- Hungary under dualism
A new Transylvanian Diet had already approved reunion with Hungary. Austria-Hungary was formed in February 1867 through a constitutional agreement known as the Compromise (German: Ausgleich; Hungarian: Kiegyezés). Franz Joseph admitted the validity of the March Laws on the condition that conduct of common (i.e., overlapping) affairs would be revised. He appointed a responsible Hungarian ministry under Gyula (Julius), Count Andrássy, who—strangely enough—had been involved in the Revolution of 1848 and afterwards was hanged in effigy. A committee of the Diet then elaborated a law that, while laying down Hungary’s full internal independence, provided for common ministries for foreign affairs and defense, each under a joint minister. A third common minister was in charge of the finance for these portfolios. The respective quotas to be paid for these services by each half of the monarchy were reconsidered every 10 years, as were commercial and customs agreements. At first the two countries formed a customs union. On June 8, 1867, Franz Joseph was crowned king of Hungary, and on July 28 he gave his assent to the law.
Franz Joseph had stipulated that the settlement should include a revised Hungaro-Croatian agreement and provisions guaranteeing adequate rights for the non-Magyars of Hungary. The Croatian settlement, known as the Nagodba (1868), left Croatia, including Slavonia, as part of the Hungarian crown, under a ban appointed on the proposal of the Hungarian prime minister. Croatia was to enjoy full internal autonomy, but certain matters were designated as common to Croatia and Hungary. When these were under discussion, Croatian deputies attended the central Parliament, in which they could speak in Croatian, the sole language of internal official usage in Croatia.
The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 restored territorial integrity to Hungary and gave it more real internal independence than it had enjoyed since 1526; the monarch’s powers in internal affairs were strictly limited. In the conduct of foreign affairs or defense, however, Hungary still formed only part of the monarchy, and its interests in these fields had to be coordinated with those of its other components. But Hungary had a large voice in the monarchy’s policy in these fields and enjoyed the great advantage—which weighed heavily with soberer men, including Deák, when negotiating the Compromise—that the resources of the great power of which it formed a part stood behind the country. To some, however, the price still seemed too high, and the parliamentary life of Hungary from 1867 to 1918 was dominated by the conflict between the supporters and the opponents of the Compromise. The latter ranged from complete separatists to those who accepted the Compromise in theory but wanted details of it altered.
The supporters of the Compromise, then known as the Deák Party, held office first but soon got into such financial and personal difficulties that complete chaos threatened. It was averted when in 1875 Kálmán Tisza, the leader of the moderate nationalist Left Centre, merged his party with the remnants of the Deákists on a program that amounted to putting his party’s main demands into cold storage until the political and financial situation was stabilized. This new Liberal Party then held office for nearly 30 years. During these years the Compromise stood intact, but there was mounting friction with Vienna over the army, which the Hungarians regarded, with some reason, as imbued with a spirit hostile to themselves; over the economic provisions of the Compromise; and over the question of Hungarian participation in control of the National Bank. An army question in 1889 marked something of a turning point, after which relations between the supporters of the Compromise, behind whom stood the crown, and its nationalist opponents were permanently strained.
A dual monarchy gave Englishmen and northern Frenchmen alike the impetus to ensure complete suzerainty of France and to punish the treachery of Charles VII. In the 1420s, the English sent a small expeditionary force to France.
The Dual Monarchy: two states in a single empire. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise in 1867 transformed the Habsburg Monarchy into an alliance of two sovereign states. Austria-Hungary was a dual system in which each half of the empire had its own constitution, government and parliament.
