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The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
- Fall of The Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall...
- Byzantine Greeks
The Byzantine Greeks were the Greek-speaking Eastern Romans...
- History of The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire 's history is generally periodised from...
- Empire of Trebizond
The Empire of Trebizond or the Trapezuntine Empire was one...
- Nicene Christianity
At the time of the First Council of Nicaea, the main rival...
- Byzantine–Ottoman Wars
The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive...
- Decline of The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire experienced cycles of growth and decay...
- Justinian The Great
Justinian I (/ dʒ ʌ ˈ s t ɪ n i ə n / just-IN-ee-ən; Latin:...
- Battle of Manzikert
The Battle of Manzikert or Malazgirt was fought between the...
- Principality of Theodoro
The Principality of Theodoro (Greek: Αὐθεντία πόλεως...
- Fall of The Western Roman Empire
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The Byzantine Empire 's history is generally periodised from late antiquity until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD. From the 3rd to 6th centuries, the Greek East and Latin West of the Roman Empire gradually diverged, marked by Diocletian 's (r. 284–305) formal partition of its administration in 285, [1] the establishment of an eastern ...
The Roman Empire ruled the Mediterranean and much of Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. The Romans conquered most of this during the Republic, and it was ruled by emperors following Octavian's assumption of effective sole rule in 27 BC. The western empire collapsed in 476 AD, but the eastern empire lasted until the fall of Constantinople in ...
- Sources
- Origins and History
- Army Size
- Higher Command
- Army Organization
- Recruitment
- Tactics
- Equipment
- Campaigns
- References
Much of our evidence for the East Roman army's deployments at the end of the 4th century is contained in a single document, the Notitia Dignitatum, compiled c. 395-420, a manual of all late Roman public offices, military and civil. The main deficiency with the Notitia is that it lacks any personnel figures so as to render estimates of army size imp...
In 395, the death of the last sole Roman emperor, Theodosius I (r. 379-95), led to the final split of the empire into two political entities, the West (Occidentale) and the East (Orientale). The system of dual emperors (called Augusti after the founder of the empire, Augustus) had been instituted a century earlier by the great reforming emperor Dio...
Warren Treadgold estimates that the east Roman army had about 3,500 scolaeor guards, 104,000 field army soldiers, with an uncertain number of sailors, and 195,500 border army soldiers, again with an uncertain number of sailors, in 395. Treadgold also estimates that the east Roman army had about 150,000 field army soldiers, with an uncertain number ...
The later 4th-century army contained three types of army group: (1) Imperial escort armies (comitatus praesentales). These were ordinarily based near Constantinople, but often accompanied the emperors on campaign. (2) Regional armies (comitatus). These were based in strategic regions, on or near the frontiers. (3) Border armies (exercitus limitanei...
Units were classified according to whether they were attached to the guard (excubitores and scholae), the field armies (palatini and comitatenses) or the border armies (limitanei). The strength of these units is very uncertain and may have varied over the 5th and 6th centuries. Size may also have varied depending on the status of the regiment. The ...
Although the East Roman army sometimes turned to conscription it usually relied on volunteer soldiers.Shortages of money, rather than of manpower, usually limited recruitment. In 395, the army used Latin as its operating language. This continued to be the case into the late 6th century, despite the fact that Greek was the common language of the Eas...
Heavy infantry
The East Roman heavy infantry relied on their spears and shields in close combat.These weapons were most effective when the soldiers fought in formation.
Maurikios' Strategikon
The Strategikon is the earliest surviving Roman/Byzantine cavalry manual, and directly influenced later Byzantine military manuals. The Strategikon describes the organization, equipment, and tactics of the east Roman army at the end of this period.
The east Roman army included both light and heavy infantry,as well as light and heavy cavalry. The equipment of the East Roman army changed considerably between the 4th and 7th Centuries. By the end of the period, the cavalry had armor and horse armor, with both bows and lances as weapons. The heavy infantry still had armor, with large shields, spe...
In the 6th century, the emperor Justinian I, who reigned from 527 to 565, sent much of the East Roman army to try to reconquer the former West Roman empire. In these wars, the East Roman empire reconquered parts of North Africa from the Vandal kingdom and Italy from the Ostrogothic kingdom, as well as parts of southern Spain. In the 7th century, th...
Duncan-Jones, Richard (1990). Structure and Scale in the Roman Economy.Duncan-Jones, Richard (1994). Money and Government in the Roman Empire.Elton, Hugh (1996). Warfare in Roman Europe, AD 350-425. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815241-5.Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000). Roman Warfare.The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the traditional end of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in 1453.
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces that survived into the Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The capital of the empire was Constantinople.
Sep 26, 2023 · The Eastern Roman Empire, also called the Byzantine Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. It ended with the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD.
