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May 15, 2024 · Quick Reference. (1596–1632) Elector Palatine (1610–20) and King of Bohemia (1619–20). In 1613 he married Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. He then assumed the leadership of the German Protestant Union, and accepted the Bohemian crown when it was offered, following the deposition of Ferdinand II in November 1619.
- The “Winter King” in Exile
- Mansfeld The Mercenary
- Fading Hope For The Protestant Cause
- Rallying Two Protestant Generals to The Cause
- Decisive Repulse at Mingolsheim
- “The Salvation of The Empire Is at Stake”
- Preparations For The Battle of Wimpfen
- Baden’s Charge
- Baden’s Army Disintegrates
- Brunswick’s Army Cornered at Sossenheim
In November 1619, only one month after Frederick’s coronation as king of the rebellious Bohemians, his new kingdom’s ongoing struggle against the Imperialist Hapsburgs reached its apogee outside the walls of Vienna. A siege of Emperor Ferdinand II’s capital, however, proved impossible after the departure of their Transylvanian allies, and the Bohem...
There was, however, a bright spot just over the horizon for Frederick and the Protestant cause. The United Provinces, which had already been subsidizing the Bohemian rebels and had flirted with the idea of doing the same for the Protestant Union, was nearing the end of its 12-year truce with Spain. It seemed likely that the Dutch would go to war ag...
Although he now possessed the Upper Palatinate in theory, Maximilian of Bavaria could not dispatch his army into the territory due to a pre-existing treaty with the Protestant Union. Mansfeld would obligingly end Maxmilian’s dilemma. Fueled with Dutch money and back in the service of Frederick, Mansfeld left Pilsen with 15,000 men and crossed into ...
Enter not one miracle, but two. The Catholic surge in Germany and Frederick’s vain yet valiant stand finally pulled on the heartstrings of a pair of Protestant generals with the means to turn the tide. The first to step forward and declare for Frederick was the youthful Christian of Brunswick. Brunswick, who possessed an infatuation for Frederick’s...
The three Protestant forces remained separated, with Mansfeld and Baden sitting along the Upper Rhine while Brunswick was far off in Westphalia. Despite this, Mansfeld was determined to act offensively, and within days he drew up before the 15,000-strong League army at Mingolsheim, alongside the Kleinbach River. Tilly, who was waiting to unite with...
Although victorious, Mansfeld was in no mood to pursue the ever-dangerous enemy. He opted to wait for Baden, who joined him three days later. With 30,000 men combined, the Protestants had a tremendous local superiority over the League, but disputes over command erupted at once. Tilly, well aware of his predicament, took the precaution of digging in...
The Protestants drew up on a low hill in a semicircle formation. Their left extended to some woods just north of the village of Biberach, while their right sat 600 yards from the Neckar. To the rear was a small stream known as the Rollinger Bach. In front of their formations was a line of 70 battle wagons adorned with spears and armed by guns loade...
The shaken attackers halted, then retired. By noon, the Catholic forces were back where they had started. The battlefield fell silent as both sides rested their soldiers for the next phase of combat. Then Baden made a terrible mistake. During the temporary respite, he withdrew his troops from the Biberach Woods. Cordoba, eyeing the withdrawal, quic...
Around 5 pm, the determined Catholics attacked again, marching straight toward the battle wagons. As before, a deluge of murderous musket fire met the attackers and the advance ground to a halt. Despite the carnage, the Spaniards stood firm, claiming later that a white-robed woman had appeared in the smoke and given them inspiration. But a religiou...
Despite the setback, Mansfeld was soon back on his feet, while Tilly’s focus turned to Christian of Brunswick. Baden’s destruction at Wimpfen and Mansfeld’s momentary check left Brunswick isolated. Mansfeld realized that his last remaining ally was the next Catholic target. If he could reach Brunswick before the enemy, their united force could stil...
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Mar 27, 2024 · The reign of this likable but ineffective king was marked by Danish neutrality in the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) and a consequent improvement in the nation’s foreign trade; by a narrow escape from war with Russia (1762); and by the start of government-sponsored reforms in farming methods.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
A major physical obstacle blocking Spanish communications was the Palatinate, a rich area in the Rhineland ruled by a Calvinist prince, the Elector Palatine. In 1618 the Elector Palatine, Frederick V, also headed the Protestant Union.
Jun 22, 2023 · This chapter examines the broad policy objectives pursued by the exiled Palatine Family following the death of Elector Frederick V in November 1632, and identifies the key figures who directed the strategy of the dispossessed dynasty throughout the second half of the Thirty Years’ War.
Frederick V, Elector Palatine (Jagdschloß Deinschwang, 16 August 1596 - Mainz, 29 November 1632); married in 1613 Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain (later Queen of Bohemia). [1] Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (Neumarkt, 19 November 1597 - Crossen an der Oder , 26 April 1660); married in 1616 to Elector George William of Brandenburg [1]
Calvinist, the Elector Palatine Frederick V. The latter alliance, however, was to prove to be his fatal mistake, for it sucked him inextricably into the maelstrom of German politics and precipitated not only the gravest foreign crisis of his reign, but a domestic one of ultimately far greater significance as well.
