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  1. Giardia duodenalis is a protozoan flagellate (Diplomonadida). Life Cycle: Cysts are resistant forms and are responsible for transmission of giardiasis. Both cysts and trophozoites can be found in the feces (diagnostic stages) . The cysts are hardy and can survive several months in cold water.

  2. Jun 29, 2018 · The life cycle of Giardia species is simple and it is included of two active trophozoite and cystic forms. This parasite transmits via fecal-oral route through direct or indirect ingestion of infectious cysts. The incubation period varies from 9 to 15 days after ingestion of cysts.

    • Hossein Hooshyar, Parvin Rostamkhani, Mohsen Arbabi, Mahdi Delavari
    • 2019
  3. May 4, 2011 · Compared with many protists, Giardia lamblia has a simple life cycle alternating between cyst and trophozoite. Most research on the molecular biology of Giardia parasites has focused on trophozoites and the processes of excystation and encystation, whereas cysts have attracted less interest.

    • Zahra Faghiri, Giovanni Widmer
    • 10.1186/1471-2180-11-91
    • 2011
    • BMC Microbiol. 2011; 11: 91.
  4. Aug 11, 2021 · The life cycle of G. duodenalis consists of two stages, the trophozoite and cyst. The trophozoite is the vegetative form and replicates in the small intestine of the host. The eight flagella provide motility, and the ventral disk mediates attachment to the intestinal wall, where it gains its nutrients.

    • Rodney D Adam
    • 10.1128/CMR.00024-19
    • 2021
    • 2021/10
  5. Nov 8, 2022 · Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Before the microscopic parasites are passed in stool, they become encased within hard shells called cysts, which allows them to survive outside the intestines for months. Once inside a host, the cysts dissolve and the parasites are released.

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