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Incendiary Chemical-Warfare Agents and Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the Merck Manuals - Medical Professional Version.
- Summary
- Recommendations
- Immediate Harm
- Long-Term Harm
- Challenges of Treatment
- Case Studies
- Protocol III and Its Loopholes
- Ongoing Support and An Eye to The Future
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
Over the past decade, the use of incendiary weapons, including white phosphorus, in Afghanistan, Gaza, Syria, and elsewhere has generated serious concerns for dozens of states parties to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW). Many of these states call for strengthening CCW Protocol III, the only international instrument dedicated to regulati...
Human Rights Watch and Harvard Law School’s International Human Rights Clinic (IHRC) urge CCW states parties to intensify their work on incendiary weapons now so that they are prepared to take concrete action at the 2021 CCW Review Conference. In particular, the states parties should: 1. Set aside dedicated time in 2021 to discuss Protocol III; 2. ...
Incendiary weapons, regardless of how they are delivered, cause significant human suffering in the immediate aftermath of attacks and in the weeks and months that follow. They inflict horrific burns that require painful treatment. They can also damage the respiratory system and cause emotional distress. White phosphorus munitions produce similarly ...
Those who survive the initial injuries caused by incendiary weapons face a lifetime of suffering. “Unfortunately, for [burn] patients, it’s a never-ending battle, especially for those with [particularly large burns],” said Dr. Mehta of Brigham and Women’s Hospital. According to Dr. Hallam, the British-Syrian doctor who treated victims from Urum al-...
Burn injuries not only cause a range of physical, psychological, and socioeconomic harm, but are also especially difficult to treat. In the immediate aftermath of being injured, victims of severe burns frequently require “liters and liters of fluid,” breathing tubes, pain medication and sedatives, and feeding tubes to provide nutrition. Doctors als...
Three case studies from Gaza, Afghanistan, and Syria illustrate the human cost of the use of incendiary weapons. They reveal the horrific injuries inflicted on individuals, the lasting physical and mental effects, and the extensive treatment required to care for victims. This unacceptable harm is the same whether it comes from white phosphorus or t...
Preventing the significant human suffering caused by incendiary weapons requires strong international law to which states adhere and comply. CCW Protocol III seeks to protect civilians and civilian objects by regulating the use of incendiary weapons in “concentrations of civilians” and in “forests and other kinds of plant cover.”Nevertheless, it co...
The use of incendiary weapons in Afghanistan, Gaza, Iraq, Syria, Ukraine, Yemen, and elsewhere has generated debate at every annual CCW meeting since 2010. Over the past decade, at least 36 states, the European Union, and other international actors have publicly expressed their concern about the use of incendiary weapons and white phosphorus.Growin...
The ongoing human suffering caused by incendiary weapons underscores the need for stronger international law. The statements made at the 2019 CCW meeting show that there is an appetite for more in-depth consideration of the adequacy of Protocol III. States parties should therefore agree to devote time during the course of 2021 to discuss the inadeq...
The lead writer of this report was Bonnie Docherty, senior researcher in the Arms Division at Human Rights Watch and associate director of armed conflict and civilian protection at the Harvard Law School International Human Rights Clinic (IHRC). Erin Shortell, Jamie Magcale, Aanchal Chugh, and Shaiba Rather, IHRC students, contributed significantly...
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Thermite. A thermite mixture using iron (III) oxide. Thermite ( / ˈθɜːrmaɪt /) [1] is a pyrotechnic composition of metal powder and metal oxide. When ignited by heat or chemical reaction, thermite undergoes an exothermic reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Most varieties are not explosive, but can create brief bursts of heat and high ...
Napalm. Napalm is an incendiary mixture of a gelling agent and a volatile petrochemical (usually petrol or diesel fuel ). The name is a portmanteau of two of the constituents of the original thickening and gelling agents: coprecipitated aluminium salts of na phthenic acid and palm itic acid. [1] A team led by chemist Louis Fieser originally ...
AW was an incendiary mixture of Phosphorus with Rubber dissolved in Gasoline. The phosphorus ignited when exposed to the air, setting off the gasoline - it also burned on its own but could not be put out with water. The dissolved rubber allowed the gasoline to adhere to surfaces while burning. It was made obsolete in 1943.
HF exposure may not cause pain or visible burns right away. Pain may appear within an hour but typically occurs only after 2 or 3 hours. However, once pain occurs, it is often deep and intense. Affected skin gradually becomes reddened but does not appear as severely affected as the intense pain would suggest.
