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In the politics of the United States, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states [1] to place legislation on the ballot for a referendum or popular vote, either enacting new legislation, or voting down existing legislation. Citizens, or an organization, might start an initiative to gather a predetermined ...
The use of the initiative and referendum (I&R) process has ebbed and flowed throughout U.S. history. Initiatives and referendums, which come from a variety of ideologies, can enact changes within governments at the local, state and national levels. Various forms of I&R have existed in the United States since the 17th century, beginning in New ...
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initiatives and referendums). In Alaska, signatures must be sub-mitted prior to the convening of the legislative session in the year in which the initiative is to appear on the ballot. The lieutenant governor shall place the initiative on the elec-tion ballot for the first statewide elec-tion that is held after (1) the petition
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approval on constitutional amendments, 23 states allow petition referendums, and 24 states allow initiatives. The Þrst state to adopt the initiative process was South Dakota in 1898, and the Þrst vote was held in Oregon in 1904. Figure 1 shows the ebb and ßow of initiative use over time at the state level in the United States.
Nov 22, 2017 · This paper surveys the extensive literature that seeks to estimate the effect of the initiative and referendum on public policy. The evidence on the referendum uniformly finds that requiring voter approval for new spending (or new debt) results in lower spending (or lower debt). The initiative process is associated with lower spending and taxes in American states and Swiss cantons, but with ...
- John G. Matsusaka
- matsusak@usc.edu
- 2018
A literature survey of research on the effects of initiatives and referendums from 1960-2002 found that states with initiatives spend and tax about 5% less than states without an initiative process.4 An explanation proposed that voter fiscal attitudes shifted faster than their government, and
Jun 11, 2018 · The Tenth Amendment implies that referendums are left up to the states. Because of this, states decide individually whether to allow referendums and how they are to proceed. In the United States a legislative referendum is an election in which the state legislature passes a bill for consideration by a state ’ s voters for
