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May 2, 2024 · Akkadian language, extinct Semitic language of the Northern Peripheral group, spoken in Mesopotamia from the 3rd to the 1st millennium bce. Akkadian spread across an area extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf during the time of Sargon (Akkadian Sharrum-kin) of the Akkad dynasty , who reigned from about 2334 to about 2279 bce .
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Akkadian (/ ə ˈ k eɪ d i ən /; Akkadian: 𒀝𒅗𒁺𒌑, romanized: Akkadû) is an extinct East Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia (Akkad, Assyria, Isin, Larsa, Babylonia and perhaps Dilmun) from the third millennium BC until its gradual replacement in common use by Old Aramaic among Assyrians and Babylonians from the ...
- Assyrian, Babylonian, Canaano-Akkadian, Old Akkadian
- Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform
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Apr 8, 2024 · Under the kings of Akkad, their Semitic language, known as Akkadian, became a literary language that was written with the cuneiform system of writing. Akkadian is the oldest Semitic dialect still preserved.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Oct 20, 2022 · They were closely followed by Semitic document in Akkadian (since 2450 BCE) (Holm, 2007, p. 269; Richardson, 2019, p. 13). 1 As is well known from earlier stages of traditional agricultural societies and in contrast to the modern world, human beings lived in close proximity to the animal kingdom (Taylor, 2013, pp. 15–21).
- Assyrian
- Babylonian
- Phonology
- Morphology
- Bibliography
Old Assyrian is mainly known from letters and economic documents excavated in eastern Anatolia, chiefly in the lower city at Kultepe (ancient Kaniš) where an Assyrian mercantile colony (kārum) was located at the beginning of the second millennium. The corpus includes a small number of royal inscriptions and about a dozen literary texts, including s...
Old Babylonian is richly documented in large numbers of letters, economic records, state and legal documents, including the Code of Hammurapi, royal inscriptions, and a sizable corpus of literary texts consisting of hymns and various types of lyric and epic poetry. Several dialects, some showing substrate influence, can be discerned: a southern and...
Akkadian is written with signs which apparently were originally devised for Sumerian. The application of the Sumerian system to Akkadian resulted in a mixed method of writing: on the one hand with logograms and, on the other, with syllables of the type vC, Cv, or CvC (C = consonant; v= vowel). The phonemic system and structure of Sumerian is radica...
pronouns
Akkadian shows a rich range of bound and unbound pronominal forms, especially personal pronouns. In the third person, the distinctive element is š, where West Semitic, for example, has h, e.g., šu ("he"), ši ("she"). Unbound pronominal forms distinguish three case forms: nominative, genitive/accusative, dative, e.g., anāku, yāti, yāši ("I"), respectively, and in bound forms genitive, dative, and accusative, e.g., bēlī ("my lord"), išpur-šunūšim ("he sent to them"), išpuršunūti ("he sent them"...
nouns and adjectives
Nouns and adjectives show structural patterning as in other Semitic languages, e.g., parrāsum as an "occupational" pattern, e.g., dayyānum ("judge") or qarrādum ("warrior"); and maprasum indicating instrument or place, e.g., maškanum("depot"; cf. Barth's Law above). Formally, there are two genders, masculine (zero marker) and feminine (atmarker). There are three numbers: singular, plural, and dual. Mimation in the singular of both genders and in the plural feminine, and nunation in the dual a...
prepositions and conjunctions
Prepositions govern the genitive ease of nouns, e.g, alpam kīma alpim ("[he will replace] ox for ox"), and most prepositions can also function as conjunctions in which case the verb appears in the subjunctive, e.g., kīma ērubu ("when/as soon as he entered"). It should be noted that ina ("in"), ana ("to") and ištu ("from") suppleted the common Semitic prepositions b,(ʾ)l, and mnrespectively at a preliterate stage of Akkadian.
A. Ungnad, Grammatik des Akkadischen, ed. by L. Matouš (19695); K.K. Riemschneider, Lehrbuch des Akkadischen (1969); E. Reiner, A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian (1966), includes bibliography; W. von Soden, Grundriss der Akkadischen Grammatik (1952); E.A. Speiser (ed.), World History of the Jewish People, 1 (1964), 112–20; G. Bergstraesser, Einfueh...
Epic of Gilgamesh. Akkadian is the Semitic language that dominated ancient Mesopotamia and much of Ancient West Asia (also known as the Ancient Near East) for nearly two millennia. It was the language of empires and peasants. It gave voice to royal epics, divine myths, treaties, covenants, adoption contracts, oaths and so much more.
Akkadian. Akkadian was a semitic language spoken in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria) between about 2,800 BC and 500 AD. It was named after the city of Akkad and first appeared in Sumerian texts dating from 2,800 BC in the form of Akkadian names. The Akkadian cuneiform script was adapted from Sumerian cuneiform in about 2,350 BC.
