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Hindustani is a Central Indo-Aryan language based on Khari Boli (Khaṛi Boli). Its origin, development, and function reflect the dynamics of the sociolinguistic contact situation from which it emerged as a colloquial speech. It is inextricably linked with the emergence and standardisation of Urdu and Hindi.
हिन्दुस्तानी (नस्तालीक़: ہندوستانی, अन्तरराष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक ...
- 60 करोड़ (हिन्दी), 20 करोड़ (उर्दू)
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- Development of The Hypothesis
- Historical and Geographical Setting
- Descendants
- Phonology
- Morphology
- Syntax
- See Also
- Bibliography
- External Links
No direct evidence of PIE exists; scholars have reconstructed PIE from its present-day descendants using the comparative method. For example, compare the pairs of words in Italian and English: piede and foot, padre and father, pesce and fish. Since there is a consistent correspondence of the initial consonants (p and f) that emerges far too frequen...
Scholars have proposed multiple hypotheses about when, where, and by whom PIE was spoken. The Kurgan hypothesis, first put forward in 1956 by Marija Gimbutas, has become the most popular.[a] It proposes that the original speakers of PIE were the Yamnaya culture associated with the kurgans (burial mounds) on the Pontic–Caspian steppe north of the Bl...
The table lists the main Indo-European language families, comprising the languages descended from Proto-Indo-European. Commonly proposed subgroups of Indo-European languages include Italo-Celtic, Graeco-Aryan, Graeco-Armenian, Graeco-Phrygian, Daco-Thracian, and Thraco-Illyrian. There are numerous lexical similarities between the Proto-Indo-Europea...
Proto-Indo-European phonologyhas been reconstructed in some detail. Notable features of the most widely accepted (but not uncontroversial) reconstruction include: 1. three series of stop consonants reconstructed as voiceless, voiced, and breathy voiced; 2. sonorant consonants that could be used syllabically; 3. three so-called laryngealconsonants, ...
Root
Proto-Indo-European roots were affix-lacking morphemes that carried the core lexical meaning of a word and were used to derive related words (cf. the English root "-friend-", from which are derived related words such as friendship, friendly, befriend, and newly coined words such as unfriend). Proto-Indo-European was probably a fusional language, in which inflectional morphemes signaled the grammatical relationships between words. This dependence on inflectional morphemes means that roots in P...
Ablaut
Many morphemes in Proto-Indo-European had short e as their inherent vowel; the Indo-European ablaut is the change of this short e to short o, long e (ē), long o (ō), or no vowel. The forms are referred to as the "ablaut grades" of the morpheme—the e-grade, o-grade, zero-grade (no vowel), etc. This variation in vowels occurred both within inflectional morphology (e.g., different grammatical forms of a noun or verb may have different vowels) and derivational morphology (e.g., a verb and an asso...
Noun
Proto-Indo-European nounswere probably declined for eight or nine cases: 1. nominative: marks the subject of a verb. Words that follow a linking verb (copulative verb) and restate the subject of that verb also use the nominative case. The nominative is the dictionary form of the noun. 2. accusative: used for the direct object of a transitive verb. 3. genitive: marks a nounas modifying another noun. 4. dative: used to indicate the indirect object of a transitive verb, such as Jacob in Maria ga...
The syntax of the older Indo-European languages has been studied in earnest since at least the late nineteenth century, by such scholars as Hermann Hirt and Berthold Delbrück. In the second half of the twentieth century, interest in the topic increased and led to reconstructions of Proto-Indo-European syntax. Since all the early attested IE languag...
Anthony, David W.; Ringe, Don (2015). "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives". Annual Review of Linguistics. 1 (1): 199–219. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514...Bomhard, Allan (2019). "The Origins of Proto-Indo-European: The Caucasian Substrate Hypothesis". Journal of Indo-European Studies. 47(1 & 2, Spring/Summer 2019).Clackson, James (18 October 2007). Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808616. ISBN 978-0-521-65367-1.Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). Indo-European language and culture: an introduction (2nd ed.). Malden, Mass: Blackwell. ISBN 9781405188968. OCLC 54529041.At the University of Texas Linguistic Research Center: List of online books Archived 28 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Indo-European Lexicon"Wheel and chariot in early IE: What exactly can we conclude from the linguistic data?" (PDF). Martin Joachim Kümmel, department of Indo-European linguistics, University of Jena.- c. 4500 – c. 2500 BC
Terminology The term Hindī originally was used to refer to inhabitants of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It was borrowed from Classical Persian هندی Hindī, meaning "of or belonging to Hind (India)" (hence, "Indian"). Another name Hindavī (हिन्दवी) or Hinduī (हिन्दुई) (from Persian: هندوی "of or belonging to the Hindu/Indian people") was often used in the past ...
itc. The Italic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family. They were first spoken in Italy. The main language was Latin, which eventually turned into the Romance languages spoken today. The Roman Empire spread Latin to much of Western Europe. Today, the main Italic languages spoken are Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, and ...
- itc
During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The non-communal nature of the language lasted until the British Raj in India, when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English.
The Indo-European languages are the world's most spoken language family. [1] Linguists believe they all come from a single language, Proto-Indo-European, which was originally spoken somewhere in Eurasia. They are now spoken all over the world. The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, [2 ...
