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Black Watch. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane FRS ( / ˈhɔːldeɪn /; 5 November 1892 – 1 December 1964 [1] [2] ), nicknamed "Jack" or "JBS", [3] was a British-Indian scientist who worked in physiology, genetics, evolutionary biology, and mathematics. With innovative use of statistics in biology, he was one of the founders of neo-Darwinism.
- Background
- An Area of Relative Agreement
- Areas of Controversy
- The Way Forward
- Acknowledgements
Cloning in science and science fiction
Cloning in the context of medicine, biotechnology and molecular biology means the production of entities, individuals and populations that are genetically identical or near identical with the original organism or part of an organism from which they are derived. In its spontaneously occurring form, cloning is the way in which bacteria and several plants and animals reproduce asexually. The earliest recorded scientific experiments in cloning animals are from the 19th century and involved frogs,...
Early ethical considerations
Ethicists joined the discussion after John Lederberg, a Nobel Laureate for Physiology or Medicine, advocated in a 1966 article cloning and genetic engineering as appropriate means to improve the human race.4Two Protestant theologians were among the first to react – Paul Ramsey and Joseph Fletcher. Ramsey condemned cloning and adjacent genetic alterations, because he saw that they threaten Christian views on human happiness, morality, personhood, power and procreation. They make happiness seem...
The next scientific milestone was the successful cloning of the first mammal by somatic cell nuclear transfer at the Roslin Institute in Scotland. Researchers removed the nuclei of 277 sheep’s ova and fused the ova with mammary gland cells from other sheep. They managed to get 29 embryos growing, and implanting these to surrogate mother sheep resul...
The central issues
To be clear, then, the most dramatically contested area here is the cloning of human beings for reproductive purposes, i.e. for making babies who grow up to be fully-grown adults and fully-fledged members of their societies. Research on human embryos, including nuclear transfer clones, is widely allowed for fourteen days after conception; and the subsequent cultivation and scientific and therapeutic use of human embryonic stem cells is in most countries (not all)18 accepted. Human reproductio...
Asexual reproduction and distorted families
Leon Kass, a conservative American ethicist, asserted in 1998 that cloning is wrong, because it distorts family relationships and our sense of human dignity.20 Apart from the spontaneous disgust that we feel when we think about unnatural ways of making babies,21we have good grounds for rejecting cloning as an asexual form of procreation. The continuous renewal of humanity, according to Kass, relies on heterosexual families and children born as an intended outcome of sex between men and women....
Design, control, deformed societies and confused humanity
Michael Sandel, a philosopher who usually attracts the epithet ‘communitarian’, thinks that cloning is wrong, because it could be the final blow against solidarity in our contemporary societies.25If we allow parents to choose their children and their children’s qualities, which is obviously the case in cloning, they will have expectations and a sense of control over their reproductive endeavours. They will see their offspring as a designed object rather than a gift. The gift aspect, or the ‘g...
The arguments for and against cloning, especially the reproductive cloning of human beings by somatic cell nuclear transfer, have not evolved since the 1997–2007 debates that followed the birth of Dolly. Even then, they were mostly reiterations of earlier clashes between the liberals and the conservatives in the 1960s and 1970s.34 As science advanc...
The research for this review was conducted within the Academy of Finland project Bioeconomy and Justice (SA 307467) and the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry project The Role of Justice in Decision Making Concerning Bioeconomy (MMM 248774). The author wishes to thank the Academy and the Ministry for their financial support. The author al...
- Matti Häyry
- 2018
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Oct 28, 2021 · Subramanian has produced a new biography of Haldane taking into account archival material that has only become public during the last decade. He has been able to provide a more complete picture of Haldane’s personal life than earlier biographers, such as his difficult schooldays at Eton and the deterioration of his first marriage. He has also highlighted the extent to which Haldane was kept ...
- Sahotra Sarkar
- sarkar@austin.utexas.edu
- 2021
May 8, 2017 · J.B.S. Haldane was one of the towering figures of twentieth-century biology. He made numerous contributions to genetics, evolutionary biology, biochemistry and physiology, displaying an uncanny ability to apply mathematical methods to answer important biological questions. Many of these contributions, especially his work on population genetics, still influence contemporary researchers. His ...
- Brian Charlesworth
- 2017
Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. ... J. B. S. Haldane was the first to introduce the idea of human cloning, ...
Jul 28, 2020 · J.B.S. Haldane, a committed communist, championed the Soviet Union long after Stalin began slaughtering his people. The New York Times. “I am a man of violence by temperament and training ...
Jan 1, 2012 · Haldane (or JBS) was an unconventional scientist. He possessed no formal qualifications in science, yet became one of the most influential scientists of the twentieth century. Haldane’s scientific work covered physiology, genetics, biochemistry, statistics, biometry, cosmology, and other fields.
