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14 hours ago · Muhammad [a] ( Arabic: مُحَمَّد, romanized : Muḥammad; English: /moʊˈhɑːməd/; Arabic: [mʊˈħæm.mæd]; c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) [b] was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. [c] According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings ...
- Family Tree of Muhammad
* indicates that the marriage order is disputed; Note that...
- Abdullah IBN Abd al-Muttalib
Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib (/ æ b ˈ d ʊ l ə /; Arabic: عبد...
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- Muhammad in Islam
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib (Arabic:...
- Family Tree of Muhammad
14 hours ago · Juneteenth is a federal holiday in the United States. For decades, activists and congress members (led by many African Americans) proposed legislation, advocated for, and built support for state and national observances. During his campaign for president in June 2020, Joe Biden publicly celebrated the holiday. [122]
- Festivals, partying, parades, church services
- United States
- June 19
14 hours ago · Pontius Pilate [b] ( Latin: Pontius Pilatus; Greek: Πόντιος Πιλᾶτος, romanized : Póntios Pilátos) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from 26/27 to 36/37 AD. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. [7]
- Roman
- Pilate's court
14 hours ago · e. Charles Sanders Peirce ( / pɜːrs / [8] [9] PURSS; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism ". [10] [11] According to philosopher Paul Weiss, Peirce was "the most original and versatile of America's philosophers and America ...
- Name and Etymology
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- Life
- Influences
- Philosophy
- Iconography
- Western References to Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism
- Notable Influence on Modern Western Culture
- See Also
Zoroaster's name in his native language, Avestan, was probably Zaraθuštra. His translated name, "Zoroaster", derives from a later (5th century BC) Greek transcription, Zōroastrēs (Ζωροάστρης), as used in Xanthus's Lydiaca (Fragment 32) and in Plato's First Alcibiades (122a1). This form appears subsequently in the Latin Zōroastrēs, and, in later Gre...
There is no consensus on the dating of Zoroaster. The Avesta gives no direct information about it, while historical sources are conflicting. Some scholars base their date reconstruction on the Proto-Indo-Iranian language and Proto-Indo-Iranian religion, while others use internal evidence. While many scholars today consider a date around 1000 BC to ...
The birthplace of Zoroaster is also unknown, and the language of the Gathas is not similar to the proposed north-western and north-eastern regional dialects of Persia. It is also suggested that he was born in one of the two areas and later lived in the other area. Yasna 9 and 17 cite the Ditya River in Airyanem Vaējah (Middle Persian Ērān Wēj) as Z...
Zoroaster is recorded as the son of Pourušaspa of the Spitamans or Spitamids (Avestan spit meaning 'brilliant' or 'white'; some argue that Spitama was a remote progenitor) family, and Dugdōw, while his great-grandfather was Haēčataspa. All the names appear appropriate to the nomadic tradition. His father's name means 'possessing gray horses' (with ...
In Christianity
Athanasius Kircher identified Zoroaster with Ham.The French figurist Jesuit missionary to China Joachim Bouvet thought that Zoroaster, the Chinese cultural hero Fuxi and Hermes Trismegistus were actually the Biblical patriach Enoch.
In Islam
A number of parallels have been drawn between Zoroastrian teachings and Islam. Such parallels include the evident similarities between Amesha Spenta and the archangel Gabriel, praying five times a day, covering one's head during prayer, and the mention of Thamud and Iram of the Pillars in the Quran. These may also indicate the influence of the Achaemenid Empireon the development of either religion. The Sabians, who believed in free will coincident with Zoroastrians, are also mentioned in the...
In Manichaeism
Manichaeism considered Zoroaster to be a figure in a line of prophets of which Mani (216–276) was the culmination. Zoroaster's ethical dualism is—to an extent—incorporated in Manichaeism's doctrine which, unlike Mani's thoughts, viewed the world as being locked in an epic battle between opposing forces of good and evil.Manicheanism also incorporated other elements of Zoroastrian tradition, particularly the names of supernatural beings; however, many of these other Zoroastrian elements are eit...
In the Gathas, Zoroaster sees the human condition as the mental struggle between aša and druj. The cardinal concept of aša—which is highly nuanced and difficult to translate—is at the foundation of all Zoroastrian doctrine, including that of Ahura Mazda (who is aša), creation (that is aša), existence (that is aša), and as the condition for free wil...
Although a few recent depictions of Zoroaster show him performing some deed of legend, in general the portrayals merely present him in white vestments (which are also worn by present-day Zoroastrian priests). He often is seen holding a collection of unbound rods or twigs, known as a baresman (Avestan; Middle Persian barsom), which is generally cons...
In classical antiquity
The Greeks—in the Hellenistic sense of the term—had an understanding of Zoroaster as expressed by Plutarch, Diogenes Laertius, and Agathias that saw him, at the core, to be the "prophet and founder of the religion of the Iranian peoples," Beck notes that "the rest was mostly fantasy". Zoroaster was set in the ancient past, six to seven millennia before the Common Era, and was described as a king of Bactria or a Babylonian (or teacher of Babylonians), and with a biography typical of a Neopytha...
In the modern era
An early reference to Zoroaster in English literature occur in the writings of the physician-philosopher Sir Thomas Browne who asserted in his Religio Medici(1643): In E. T. A. Hoffmann's novel Klein Zaches, genannt Zinnober(1819), the mage Prosper Alpanus states that Professor Zoroaster was his teacher. In his seminal work Thus Spoke Zarathustra (1885), the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche uses the native Iranian name Zarathustra, which has a significant meaning[i] as he had used the familiar...
The German composer Richard Strauss's large-scale tone-poem Also sprach Zarathustra(1896) was inspired by Nietzsche's book. A sculpture of Zoroaster by Edward Clark Potter, representing ancient Persian judicial wisdom and dating to 1896, towers over the Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State at East 25th Street and Madison Avenue in Manhat...
- Before 500 BC, likely 1500–1000 BC
- Aged 74
14 hours ago · Africa. Africa is the world's second largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth 's land area and 6% of its total surface area. [7] With 1.4 billion people [1] [2] as of 2021, it accounts for about 18% of the world's human ...
14 hours ago · Yemenite Jews, also known as Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from Hebrew: יהודי תימן, romanized : Yehude Teman; Arabic: اليهود اليمنيون ), are Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen, and their descendants maintaining their customs. Between June 1949 and September 1950, the overwhelming majority of the country's Jewish population ...
