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In 1876 he was appointed professor of anatomy, physiology and zoology at the veterinary school of Toulouse . Toussaint is remembered for contributions made in the field of bacteriology. From his research, he conducted important investigations of chicken cholera, [1] sepsis, and tuberculosis .
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Awareness of Edward Jenner’s pioneering studies of smallpox vaccination (Milestone 2) led Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) to propose that vaccines could be found for all virulent diseases.
Pasteur began to study chicken cholera in 1877 and by the following year had succeeded in culturing the causative organism, Pasteurella multocida. In 1879, Pasteur discovered by chance that cultures of this bacterium gradually lost their virulence over time. Before leaving to go on a holiday, Pasteur had instructed an assistant to inject the latest batch of chickens with fresh cultures of P. multocida. The assistant forgot to do this, however, and then himself went on holiday. On his return, Pasteur’s assistant inoculated the chickens with the cultures, which by this time had been left in the laboratory for a month, stoppered only with a cotton-wool plug. The inoculated chickens developed mild symptoms but recovered fully.
Another scientist might have concluded that the cultures had (mostly) died, but Pasteur was intrigued. He injected the recovered chickens with freshly cultured cholera bacteria. When the birds remained healthy, Pasteur reasoned that exposure to oxygen had caused the loss of virulence. He found that sealed bacterial cultures maintained their virulence, whereas those exposed to air for differing periods of time before inoculation showed a predictable decline in virulence. He named this progressive loss of virulence ‘attenuation’, a term still in use today.
Pasteur, along with Charles Chamberland and Emile Roux, went on to develop a live attenuated vaccine for anthrax. Unlike cultures of the chicken cholera bacterium, Bacillus anthracis cultures exposed to air readily formed spores that remained highly virulent irrespective of culture duration; indeed, Pasteur reported that anthrax spores isolated from soil where animals that died of anthrax had been buried 12 years previously remained as virulent as fresh cultures. However, Pasteur discovered that anthrax cultures would grow readily at a temperature of 42–43 °C but were then unable to form spores. These non-sporulating cultures could be maintained at 42–43 °C for 4–6 weeks but exhibited a marked decline in virulence over this period when inoculated into animals.
Accordingly, in public experiments at Pouilly-le-Fort, France, conducted under a media spotlight reminiscent of that on today’s COVID-19 treatment trials, 24 sheep, 1 goat and 6 cows were inoculated twice with Pasteur’s anthrax vaccine, on 5 and 17 May 1881. A control group of 24 sheep, 1 goat and 4 cows remained unvaccinated. On 31 May all the animals were inoculated with freshly isolated anthrax bacilli, and the results were examined on 2 June. All vaccinated animals remained healthy. The unvaccinated sheep and goats had all died by the end of the day, and all the unvaccinated cows were showing anthrax symptoms. Chamberland’s private laboratory notebooks, however, showed that the anthrax vaccine used in these public experiments had actually been attenuated by potassium dichromate, using a process similar to that developed by Pasteur’s competitor, Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint.
•Nature Milestones in Vaccines: Interactive Timeline
•An address on vaccination in relation to chicken cholera and splenic fever. (Pasteur, L., 1881)
- Caroline Barranco
- 2020
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In 1880, Pasteur reported experiments on chicken cholera, which Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint had earlier isolated. Pasteur found that using certain culture techniques, it was possible to...
- Nasty, Brutish, and Short: Life Before Vaccines. Throughout most of history, human populations have lived in an unvaccinated state, and have been extremely vulnerable to endemic and epidemic infectious disease, particularly if they had no previous exposure to a particular disease.
- Variolation and the Scourge of Smallpox. The origins of vaccination lie in the practice of variolation, which was used to protect against smallpox (a disease that killed annually an estimated 400,000 people in Europe alone in the eighteenth century).
- What We Owe to the Cows. The term vaccination comes from variolae vaccinae, or “smallpox of the cow,” otherwise known as cowpox. The close relationship between smallpox and cowpox was common lore in the eighteenth century.
- Edward Jenner and the Arm-to-Arm Method. Jenner was, however, immediately faced with a basic problem. Cowpox was a seasonal disease, common only in the spring, and it was hard to maintain a constant supply of cowpox matter.
Jun 22, 2021 · 2 Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint (1847–1890) was a French bacteriologist contemporary of Pasteur and worked on various infectious diseases like chicken cholera and tuberculosis. He is credited with the development of the first anthrax vaccine via chemical inactivation but during his lifetime only Pasteur received full recognition.
- Veysel Kayser, Iqbal Ramzan
- 2021
Dec 21, 1995 · Pasteur’s competitor Jean-Joseph Henri Toussaint tested other vaccines consisting of anthrax-infected sheep blood that was heated or treated with carbolic acid, the disinfectant which Joseph Lister in London had introduced to kill bacteria.
by Pasteur’s competitor, Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint. In 1881, Victor Galtier (who had already demonstrated transmission of rabies from dogs to rabbits) reported that sheep injected with...
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