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The July Monarchy (French: Monarchie de Juillet), officially the Kingdom of France (French: Royaume de France), was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting on 26 July 1830, with the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 23 February 1848, with the Revolution of 1848.
This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam. Under the emperor at home, king abroad system used by later dynasties, Vietnamese monarchs would use the title of emperor (皇帝, Hoàng đế; or other equivalents) domestically, and the more common term sovereign (𤤰, Vua), king (王, Vương), or his/her (Imperial) Majesty (陛下, Bệ hạ).
EmperorEra NameFull NameReignThuận Thiên (順天)Lý Công Uẩn (李公蘊)1010–1028Lý Thái Tông (李太宗)Thiên Thành (天成) (1028–1033) Thông Thụy ...Lý Phật Mã (李佛瑪)1028–1054Lý Thánh Tông (李聖宗)Long Thụy Thái Bình (龍瑞太平) (1054–1058) ...Lý Nhật Tôn (李日尊)1054–1072Lý Nhân Tông (李仁宗)Thái Ninh (太寧) (1072–1075) Anh Võ Chiêu ...Lý Càn Đức (李乾德)1072–1127The July Monarchy (1830–1848) is generally seen as a period during which the haute bourgeoisie was dominant. It marked the shift from the counter-revolutionary Legitimists to the Orleanists, who were willing to make compromises with the changes brought by the 1789 Revolution.
- Background
- Organization of The Referendum
- Campaign
- Other Opposition
- Logistics and Voting
- Counting and Results
- Reaction and Aftermath
The defeat of the French Army at Điện Biên Phủ in 1954, followed by the Geneva Accords, led to a divided Vietnam. The French-backed State of Vietnam, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, provisionally held control south of the 17th parallel. Hồ Chí Minh's Viet Minh held the north under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which Hồ Chí Minh had proclaimed ...
On 7 July 1955, the first anniversary of his installation as prime minister, Diệm announced that a national referendum would be held to determine the future of the country.On 16 July, Diệm publicly announced his intention to not take part in the reunification elections: "We will not be tied down by the [Geneva] treaty that was signed against the wi...
Diệm ran a personal attack campaign against the head of state, for whom campaigning was prohibited. The army and national police went about enforcing the ban on pro-Bảo Đại and anti-Diệm activities. Police went from door to door, explaining the consequences of failing to vote. They organized conferences in rural villages and addressed the populace ...
The staging of the election was subsidised by foreign funding. The United States government and a combination of American Roman Catholic charities contributed US$2 million each. Ba Cụt, a leader of an anti-government Hòa Hảo religious sect, distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet, citing the funding as proof and further asserti...
Lansdale advised Diệm to print his ballots in red, while those of Bảo Đại were printed in green. In Vietnam, red is associated with good luck and prosperity, whereas green is often associated with a cuckold and bad luck. Diệm's red ballots pictured him with youthful and modern-looking people, while Bảo Đại's photo was placed in old-fashioned robes,...
Diệm's government formulated procedural regulations ostensibly designed to ensure results and ballots were correctly accounted for and to prevent election fraud. In reality however, the votes were counted without independent supervision, which resulted in Diệm being credited with 98.9% of the vote. The prime minister tallied 605,025 votes in Saigon...
Three days after the vote, Diệm proclaimed the creation of the Republic of Vietnam, naming himself as its president. He said "The October 23rd plebiscite in which [the people of South Vietnam] took such an enthusiastic part, constitutes an approval of the policies pursued thus far and at the same time augurs a whole new era for the future of our co...
Bảo Đại ( Vietnamese: [ɓa᷉ːw ɗâːjˀ], chữ Hán: 保 大, lit. "keeper of greatness", 22 October 1913 – 31 July 1997), [2] born Nguyễn Phúc/Phước Vĩnh Thụy ( chữ Hán: 阮福永瑞 ), was the 13th and final emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of Vietnam. [3]
- 8 January 1926 –, 30 August 1945
July monarchy, In French history, the reign of Louis-Philippe (1830–48), brought about by the July Revolution. Also known as the “bourgeois monarchy,” the new regime rested on a broad social base centred on the wealthy bourgeoisie.
Following is the family tree of Vietnamese monarchs from the autonomous period of the Khúc clan (905–923) to the reign of Bảo Đại (1926–1945), the last emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty. Emperors, kings and lords of each monarch are denoted by different colours with the period of their reigns.
