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Aug 3, 2022 · Meningitis is inflammation of the lining around the brain and spinal cord. It's usually caused by an infection. The infection occurs most often in children, teens, and young adults. Also at risk are older adults and people who have long-term health problems, such as a weakened immune system. There are two main kinds of meningitis.
- Current Epidemiology
- Antimicrobial Susceptibility of The Major Pathogens
- Diagnosis
- Managing Suspected Or Confirmed Meningitis
- Steroids as Adjuvant Therapy
- Duration of Treatment
- Audiology Assessment
The epidemiology of meningitis in Canada has been influenced dramatically by universal immunization programs delivering conjugate vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The epidemiology of meningitis in the United States, and elsewhere where universal immunization programs are similar...
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis susceptibility breakpoints should always be applied in the setting of presumed or confirmed meningitis, given the requirement for adequate drug levels in the central nervous system (CNS). S pneumoniae breakpoints have been specifically designed for interpretation in the context of meningitis. The organism is penicillin-susceptible if minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is ≤0.06 mcg/mL penicillin, and penicillin-resistant if MIC is ≥0.12 mcg/mL . Using current criteria for an...
Neisseria meningitidis
In the past several years, many countries, notably Belgium, Australia, and several countries in Latin America, have reported increasing prevalence (ranging from 30% to 80%) of N meningitidis with reduced susceptibility to penicillin -. In the United States, ciprofloxacin-resistant N meningitidis has also emerged . One report from Ontario indicated that the percentage of strains with reduced susceptibility to penicillin between 2000 and 2006 was 21.7% . Surveillance data of 408...
Haemophilus influenzae
While Hib is now an uncommon cause of meningitis in children, it as well as other H influenzae serotypes should still be considered in a child who is not fully immunized or unimmunized, or from an area in northern Canada with a higher incidence of invasive H influenzae. Increasingly, Hib and other typeable strains of H influenzae have shown increased beta-lactamase production, ranging from 4% to 42%, making these isolates resistant to ampicillin . Because of this trend, ceftriaxone or cef...
Infants with meningitis often present with nonspecific findings of fever, poor feeding, lethargy (or decreased interaction with caregivers), vomiting, and irritability. They sometimes have a rash. Inconsolable crying, prolonged or worsening irritability, or progressive lethargy are also important clinical features that may indicate a CNS focus such...
Because the prognosis of meningitis depends on treating infection before clinically severe disease ensues, the timely administration of empirical antimicrobial therapy (Table 1) is critical. Antimicrobials should be administered without delay when meningitis is suspected or confirmed. Also, the careful, ongoing assessment and appropriate management...
In adults, multiple studies and meta-analysis have determined that adjuvant empiric steroids offered clinical benefit resulting in slightly lower mortality rates and reduction in hearing losses -. Studies in Sweden and Denmark, where adult patients who received steroids were compared with those who did not, concluded that there was likely some mort...
Treatment of bacterial meningitis should always be with intravenous antimicrobials to achieve high CSF levels. The recommended length of treatment varies with the pathogen and the clinical course of infection. Recommended length of therapy for uncomplicated meningitis due to S pneumoniae is 10 to 14 days; due to Hib, 7 to 10 days; and due to N meni...
Formal audiology assessment should be performed as soon as possible after diagnosis of meningitis for all children affected (and always before discharge from hospital) to optimize management in the event of hearing loss .
Overview. Bacterial meningitis is an infection of the tissues that surround the brain and spinal cord. This serious infection can injure the brain. It can cause death. Symptoms usually develop suddenly. A baby may be cranky, cry when moved, and arch their back.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges (the lining of the brain and spinal cord). There are many types of meningitis. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungus or other organisms. Invasive meningococcal disease is a serious bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. The bacteria can invade the body causing ...
Alberta public health disease management guidelines : meningococcal disease, invasive. Summary. Detailed Information. Related (0) Description. Intended for public health professionals, this resource presents the recommended practices for the management and reporting of invasive meningococcal disease as a notifiable disease.
