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1. Top results related to non-structured programming wikipedia meaning examples

   • Meaning of -1 in Programming

     Top Answer

     Answered Jun 12, 2013 · 7 votes

     in C# -1 is just negative one. They're comparing a number against a number, seeing if it is indeed equal to negative one.

     It's not uncommon to have an integer field that should only have positive values (for example, when representing an index in a list) and in such cases -1 is sometimes used to represent "not a valid value", for example, there is no item, and hence no index. They use -1 because an int is not nullable; they cannot assign null.

     In theory this is probably a bad practice; it's using a "magic value" to mean something more than it really should. Ideally if "there is not valid" is a valid thing for the variable to represent it should be a nullable integer (int? or Nullable<int>) but this is an old convention (carried over from other languages without a feature for nullable ints) so it's hard to eliminate entirely.

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   • Meaning of "Consistent state" in C programming

     Top Answer

     Answered May 21, 2017 · 0 votes

     The wording does not sound familiar to me, but perhaps that was the professor's intention. I think that he means that the variables have been initialised. But he could also mean that in e.g. a multithreaded context, the variables are set while holding a mutex. Or that the variables are not volatile. Without more context, it is hard to guess what he meant.

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     2/5

   • meaning of parenthesis in R programming under levels

     Top Answer

     Answered Mar 13, 2019 · 0 votes

     When an open parenthesis ( comes after a name, R will treat whatever comes before the parentheses as a function and pass whatever is inside the parentheses to that function as arguments.

     I start with this because functions are evaluated with high priority, so "What is the meaning of (l1)[l1]

     " is the wrong question, levels(l1) happens first, then [l1] happens to the result of levels(l1).

     For example:

     log(1:3)-

     Calls the function log() on the vector 1, 2, 3.

     log(c(1, 5, 7))-

     Calls the function c() on 1, 5, 7 to create the vector 1, 5, 7, then calls the function log() on the vector 1, 5, 7.

     log(c(1, 5, 7))[2]-

     Calls the functions c() and then log() as described above, and then calls the function [ on the result, extracting the 2nd element of the result of log().

     factor( c( levels(l1)[l1], levels(l2)[l2] ) ) # some spaces added for clarity-

     • Calls the function levels() on the l1 object subsets the result with [, based on the values in l1
     • Calls the function levels() on the l2 object subsets the result with [, based on the values in l2
     • Calls c() on the results mentioned above
     • Calls factor() on the result of c()

     What is levels(l1)[l1] doing? As far as I can tell, this is a confusing way to get the same result as as.character(l1):

     set.seed(47) # for reproducibilityl1 = factor(sample(letters, size = 10, replace = TRUE))l2 = factor(sample(letters, size = 10, replace = TRUE))l1# [1] z j t v o r k m o y# Levels: j k m o r t v y zlevels(l1)# [1] "j" "k" "m" "o" "r" "t" "v" "y" "z"levels(l1)[l1]# [1] "z" "j" "t" "v" "o" "r" "k" "m" "o" "y"identical(as.character(l1), levels(l1)[l1])# [1] TRUE

     So, overall, I think the goal of factor(c(levels(l1)[l1], levels(l2)[l2])) is to concatenate the vectors l1 and l2, with a factor as the result. I think a clearer way to do this is

     factor(c(as.character(l1), as.character(l2)))# [1] z j t v o r k m o y d s e p n x k a b m# Levels: a b d e j k m n o p r s t v x y z

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   • Meaning of a stack overflow in C programming

     Top Answer

     Answered Aug 15, 2014 · 10 votes

     which memory is it?

     It is the stack memory, namely that which the program uses to store information during a function call about where to return to. Each time you call a function, the CPU saves the location of what's currently executing onto the stack, then jumps to the new function. When the function is done, it pops that location off the stack and returns there. This is what makes recursion possible.

     What is the size of stack that is overflowing?

     The actual size of the stack is completely platform-dependent. Many operating systems tend to limit the size of the stack to a few megabytes, but allow that size to be changed. If the system runs out of virtual memory, this can also limit the stack size. Some (much) older CPUs have a fixed-size stack (the Intel 8008 only has 7 stack entries).

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     4/5

   • Meaning of return 2 statement in c++ programming language

     Top Answer

     Answered May 31, 2016 · 2 votes

     The statement

     return 2;-

     means the function, in which it is, returns value 2.

     The caller function may use that value as an indication of the callee function termination condition (in the excerpt given it possibly is a specific value with the hidden meaning assigned 'could not create new CATDocumentServices' or simply 'something went wrong'...).

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2. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Non-structured_programmingNon-structured programming - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Non-structured_programming

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   Non-structured programming is the historically earliest programming paradigm capable of creating Turing-complete algorithms [citation needed]. It is often contrasted with the structured programming paradigm, in particular with the use of unstructured control flow using goto statements or equivalent.

3. www.geeksforgeeks.org › difference-betweenDifference between structured and unstructured programming

   www.geeksforgeeks.org › difference-between

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   Jul 13, 2021 · Unstructured Programming is a type of programming that generally executes in sequential order i.e., these programs just not jumped from any line of code and each line gets executed sequentially. It is also known as non-structured programming that is capable of creating turning-complete algorithms.

4. dbpedia.org › page › Non-structured_programmingAbout: Non-structured programming - DBpedia Association

   dbpedia.org › page › Non-structured_programming

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   dbo: abstract. Non-structured programming is the historically earliest programming paradigm capable of creating Turing-complete algorithms. It is often contrasted with the structured programming paradigm, in particular with the use of unstructured control flow using goto statements or equivalent.

5. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Procedural_programmingProcedural programming - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Procedural_programming

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   Procedural languages generally use reserved words that define blocks, such as if, while, and for, to implement control flow, whereas non-structured imperative languages (i.e. assembly language) use goto and branch tables for this purpose. Object-oriented programming.

6. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Declarative_programmingDeclarative programming - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Declarative_programming

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   Declarative programming is a non-imperative style of programming in which programs describe their desired results without explicitly listing commands or steps that must be performed. Functional and logic programming languages are characterized by a declarative programming style. In logic programming, programs consist of sentences expressed in ...

7. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Functional_programmingFunctional programming - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Functional_programming

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   Functional programming. In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which ...