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  1. European Datum 1950: SAD69: South American Datum 1969: GRS 80: Geodetic Reference System 1980: ISO 6709: Geographic point coord. 1983: NAD 83: North American Datum 1983: WGS 84: World Geodetic System 1984: NAVD 88: N. American Vertical Datum 1988: ETRS89: European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989: GCJ-02: Chinese obfuscated datum 2002: Geo URI ...

  2. Jul 12, 2018 · The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88) is the vertical control datum established in 1991 by the minimum-constraint adjustment of the Canadian-Mexican-United States leveling observations. It held fixed the height of the primary tidal bench mark, referenced to the new International Great Lakes Datum of 1985 local mean sea level ...

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  4. Methods. In common usage, elevations are often cited in height above sea level, although what "sea level" actually means is a more complex issue than might at first be thought: the height of the sea surface at any one place and time is a result of numerous effects, including waves, wind and currents, atmospheric pressure, tides, topography, and even differences in the strength of gravity due ...

  5. Nov 4, 2020 · In a few years the key datum of the last 30 years, the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 — the datum used by federal agencies such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers — will be replaced by a new, satellite-based system. David B. Zilkoski, the former director of the National Geodetic Survey at ...

  6. v. t. e. The North American Datum ( NAD) is the horizontal datum now used to define the geodetic network in North America. A datum is a formal description of the shape of the Earth along with an "anchor" point for the coordinate system. In surveying, cartography, and land-use planning, two North American Datums are in use for making lateral or ...

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  8. Sep 15, 2023 · State the vertical datum name and year in that document. Example: "Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)." If a GNSS survey is used to establish elevations (orthometric heights), the geoid model used to convert ellipsoid heights to orthometric heights should be referenced.

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