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Philippine Braille is based on the 26 letters of the basic braille alphabet used for Grade-1 English Braille, so the print digraph ng is written as a digraph ⠝ ⠛ in braille as well. The print letter ñ is rendered with the generic accent point, ⠈ ⠝. These are considered part of the alphabet, which is therefore, Numbers and punctuation ...
- Alphabet
Braille ( / breɪl / BRAYL, French: [bʁɑj]) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired. It can be read either on embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker ...
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Mar 15, 2024 · Braille, universally accepted system of writing used by and for blind persons, invented by Louis Braille in 1824. It consists of a code of 63 characters, each made up of one to six raised dots arranged in a six-position matrix or cell. The characters are read by passing the fingers lightly over the manuscript.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
The goal of braille uniformity is to unify the braille alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. . Unification was first achieved by a convention of the International Congress on Work for the Blind in 1878, where it was decided to replace the mutually incompatible national conventions of the time with the French values of ...
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- Unification of 1878
- Congress of 1929
- Congresses of 1950–1951
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Braille arranged his characters in decades (groups of ten), and assigned the 25 letters of the French alphabet to them in order. The characters beyond the first 25 are the principal source of variation today. In the first decade, only the top four dots are used; the two supplementary characters have dots only on the right. These patterns are repeat...
Braille is in its origin a numeric code. Louis Braille applied the characters in numerical order to the French alphabet in alphabetical order. As braille spread to other languages, the numeric order was retained and applied to the local script. Therefore, where the alphabetical order differed from that of French, the new braille alphabet would be i...
In 1929 in Paris, the American Foundation for Overseas Blind sponsored a conference on harmonizing braille among languages which use the Latin script, which had diverged in the previous decades.
When additional letters are needed for a new braille alphabet, several remedies are used. 1. They may be borrowed from an existing alphabet; French–German ⠜ ä, ⠪ ö, and ⠳ ü, for example, are widely used where a language had need of a second a-, o-, or u-vowel. Likewise, the values of English contracted ("Grade 2") ⠡ ch, ⠩ sh, and ⠹ thare widely use...
"World Braille Usage" (2nd ed.). UNESCO. 1990. Retrieved 2012-04-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)The braille system, devised in 1821 by Frenchman Louis Braille, is a method that is widely used by the blind to read and write. Each braille character, or "cell," is made up of six dot positions, arranged in a rectangle containing two columns of three dots each. A dot may be raised at any of the six positions to form sixty-four combinations ...
Philippine Braille or Filipino Braille is the braille alphabet of the Philippines. Besides Filipino (Tagalog), essentially the same alphabet is used for Ilocano, Cebuano, Hiligaynon and Bicol. Philippine Braille is based on the 26 letters of the basic braille alphabet used for Grade-1 English Braille, so the print digraph ng is written as a digraph ⠝⠛ in braille as well. The print letter ...
