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- One of the most brilliant astronomers in the history of the field was Pierre-Simon Laplace. This Frenchman predicted with mathematics many things that were to be seen later with powerful telescopes. Laplace was born on March 23, 1749, in Beaumont-en-Auge, a village in Normandy. His father was poor, and Pierre-Simon received little early education.
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(1749–1827). One of the most brilliant astronomers in the history of the field was Pierre-Simon Laplace. This Frenchman predicted with mathematics many things that were to be seen later with powerful telescopes. Laplace was born on March 23, 1749, in Beaumont-en-Auge, a village in Normandy.
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- Pierre-Simon Laplace
Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace, French mathematician,...
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- Early Years
- Tidal Dynamics
- On The Figure of The Earth
- Planetary and Lunar Inequalities
- Black Holes
- Arcueil
- Analytic Theory of Probabilities
- Laplace's Demon
- Laplace Transforms
- Other Discoveries and Accomplishments
Some details of Laplace's life are not known, as records of it were burned in 1925 with the family château in Saint Julien de Mailloc, near Lisieux, the home of his great-great-grandson the Comte de Colbert-Laplace. Others had been destroyed earlier, when his house at Arcueil near Paris was looted in 1871. Laplace was born in Beaumont-en-Auge, Norm...
Dynamic theory of tides
While Newton explained the tides by describing the tide-generating forces and Bernoulli gave a description of the static reaction of the waters on Earth to the tidal potential, the dynamic theory of tides, developed by Laplace in 1775, describes the ocean's real reaction to tidal forces. Laplace's theory of ocean tides took into account friction, resonanceand natural periods of ocean basins. It predicted the large amphidromic systems in the world's ocean basins and explains the oceanic tides...
Laplace's tidal equations
In 1776, Laplace formulated a single set of linear partial differential equations, for tidal flow described as a barotropic two-dimensional sheet flow. Coriolis effectsare introduced as well as lateral forcing by gravity. Laplace obtained these equations by simplifying the fluid dynamic equations. But they can also be derived from energy integrals via Lagrange's equation. For a fluid sheet of average thickness D, the vertical tidal elevation ζ, as well as the horizontal velocity components u...
During the years 1784–1787 he published some memoirs of exceptional power. Prominent among these is one read in 1783, reprinted as Part II of Théorie du Mouvement et de la figure elliptique des planètes in 1784, and in the third volume of the Mécanique céleste. In this work, Laplace completely determined the attraction of a spheroid on a particle o...
Jupiter–Saturn great inequality
Laplace presented a memoir on planetary inequalities in three sections, in 1784, 1785, and 1786. This dealt mainly with the identification and explanation of the perturbations now known as the "great Jupiter–Saturn inequality". Laplace solved a longstanding problem in the study and prediction of the movements of these planets. He showed by general considerations, first, that the mutual action of two planets could never cause large changes in the eccentricities and inclinations of their orbits...
Books
Laplace now set himself the task to write a work which should "offer a complete solution of the great mechanical problem presented by the Solar System, and bring theory to coincide so closely with observation that empirical equations should no longer find a place in astronomical tables." The result is embodied in the Exposition du système du monde and the Mécanique céleste. The former was published in 1796, and gives a general explanation of the phenomena, but omits all details. It contains a...
Laplace also came close to propounding the concept of the black hole. He suggested that there could be massive stars whose gravity is so great that not even light could escape from their surface (see escape velocity). However, this insight was so far ahead of its time that it played no role in the history of scientific development.
In 1806, Laplace bought a house in Arcueil, then a village and not yet absorbed into the Paris conurbation. The chemist Claude Louis Berthollet was a neighbour – their gardens were not separated – and the pair formed the nucleus of an informal scientific circle, latterly known as the Society of Arcueil. Because of their closeness to Napoleon, Lapla...
In 1812, Laplace issued his Théorie analytique des probabilités in which he laid down many fundamental results in statistics. The first half of this treatise was concerned with probability methods and problems, the second half with statistical methods and applications. Laplace's proofs are not always rigorous according to the standards of a later d...
This intellect is often referred to as Laplace's demon (in the same vein as Maxwell's demon) and sometimes Laplace's Superman (after Hans Reichenbach). Laplace, himself, did not use the word "demon", which was a later embellishment. As translated into English above, he simply referred to: "Une intelligence ... Rien ne serait incertain pour elle, et...
As early as 1744, Euler, followed by Lagrange, had started looking for solutions of differential equationsin the form: The Laplace transform has the form: This integral operator transforms a function of time () into a function of a complex variable (), usually interpreted as complex frequency.
Mathematics
Among the other discoveries of Laplace in pure and applied mathematics are: 1. Discussion, contemporaneously with Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde, of the general theory of determinants, (1772); 2. Proof that every equation of an odd degree must have at least one realquadratic factor; 3. Laplace's method for approximating integrals 4. Solution of the linear partial differential equation of the second order; 5. He was the first to consider the difficult problems involved in equations of mixed d...
Surface tension
Laplace built upon the qualitative work of Thomas Young to develop the theory of capillary action and the Young–Laplace equation.
Speed of sound
Laplace in 1816 was the first to point out that the speed of sound in air depends on the heat capacity ratio. Newton's original theory gave too low a value, because it does not take account of the adiabatic compression of the air which results in a local rise in temperature and pressure. Laplace's investigations in practical physics were confined to those carried on by him jointly with Lavoisier in the years 1782 to 1784 on the specific heatof various bodies.
Pierre-Simon Laplace was a French mathematician and astronomer who carried out remarkable studies regarding the stability of the solar system and is famously known as the ‘French Newton’. He also did pioneering work in mathematics regarding the theory of probability and statistics which influenced a whole new generation of mathematicians.
Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (/ l ə ˈ p l ɑː s /; French: [pjɛʁ simɔ̃ laplas]; 23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar and polymath whose work was important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy.
- École Militaire (1769–1776)
Mar 23, 2012 · 5 March 1827. Paris, France. Summary. Pierre-Simon Laplace proved the stability of the solar system. In analysis Laplace introduced the potential function and Laplace coefficients. He also put the theory of mathematical probability on a sound footing. View twelve larger pictures. Biography.
Pierre-Simon Laplace was a prominent French mathematical physicist and astronomer of the 19th century, who made crucial contributions in the arena of planetary motion by applying Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation to the entire solar system.
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