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POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL 543 THE POLISH ALPHABET AND SOUNDS Here is the Polish alphabet: a, à, b, c, ç, d, e, ´, f, g, h, I, j, k, l, ∏, m, n, ƒ, o, ó, p, r, s, Ê, t, u, w, y, z, ê, ˝. SOUND VALUES OF THE LETTERS APPROXIMATE LETTER ENGLISH SOUND EXAMPLE a father tak thus, so, yes, raz once à dome sà they are, wà˝ snake
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Polish Grammar in a Nutshell © Oscar E. Swan University of Pittsburgh 2003 This gramamatical reference guide summarizes the information on Polish sounds and grammar which should be mastered by the intermediate-level student of the language.
Mar 18, 2021 · 1. General Rules. Before we dive in, let’s go over a few basic Polish language grammar rules you should know as a beginner. Word Order. The basic word order you’ll see in Polish is SVO. The subject comes first, followed by the verb and, if needed, an object. However, the word order in Polish is not fixed.
Explore the essentials of Polish grammar with our detailed guide. Learn about nouns, verbs, cases, tenses, adjectives, prepositions, conjunctions, pronunciation, and practical language skills for effective communication in Polish.
- Mianownik: Nominative Case
- Dopełniacz: genitive Case
- Celownik: Dative Case
- Biernik: Accusative Case
- Narzędnik: Instrumental Case
- Miejscownik: Locative Case
- Wołacz: Vocative Case
Nominative case identifies the subject. Nouns in dictionaries are in nominative form.This case functions similarly to that in English. Just get the noun’s gender correct and you’re good. The basic rules of Polish genders are: 1. Masculine nouns tend to end in consonants, such as “pies” (dog). A few end in -a, for example “mężczyzna” (man) or “koleg...
This is the most common Polish case, and it has several uses: 1. To show possession. 2. To negate the direct object of a verb. For example, in “nie lubię psów” (I don’t like dogs), “psów” is the genitive form of “dogs”, rather than the accusative. 3. After certain Polish verbs such as “uczyć się” (to learn/study) or “używać” (to use). In “uczę się ...
The dative case has no direct equivalent in English, and isn’t as common as other cases, but you’ll need it for situations like: 1. When describing indirect objects. If you give something to someone, the recipient is in the dative case – “Daję piłkę psu” (I’m giving a ball to thedog)”. 2. After certain verbs with an indirect object, like “thank” an...
This identifies the direct object in a sentence. In the example, “głaszczę psa” (I pet the dog), “dog” (psa) is in the accusative case. You also need this case to: 1. Say how long the duration of something is, for example if you say something lasts “cały dzień” (all day) 2. Use certain verbs that express motion, like “przez” (through) – “idę przez ...
This case has no direct English equivalent. Use it to describe your mode of transportation, or to say you do something using some kind of tool. It’s also used after certain verbs and prepositions. Another common use for the instrumental case is when asking questions like “z kim pracujesz?” (=who do you work with?) where the question implies some ki...
This case describes where something is located, if it’s stationary. So if the dog is on the beach, it would be “pies jest na plaży”, indicating that it is located there but not moving. In general, use locativefor these prepositions:
This is a bit archaic and being replaced by the nominative, especially in spoken Polish. But it can still be useful. When addressing someone, do it in the vocative case. If you’re talking to Ania, use her vocative name “Aniu”. If you’re really close, call her “Moja droga przyjaciółko”(my dear friend)! If you are addressing a male friend, we say “mó...
Oct 16, 2014 · Introduction Polish Grammar in a Nutshell is intended for use as a short reference and review grammar at any level of Polish language study, from beginning to advanced. It can be used in...
Polish Grammar in a Nutshell © Oscar E. Swan University of Pittsburgh 2003 Information on Polish sounds and grammar which should be mastered by the intermediate-level student of the language.
