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In 1830–33, Charles Lyell laid the foundations of evolutionary biology with Principles of Geology, a pioneering three-volume book that Charles Darwin took with him on the Beagle. Lyell championed the ideas of geologist James Hutton, who formulated one of the fundamental principles of modern geology – uniformitarianism.
- The Principles of Geology
- Uniformitarianism
- Original Horizontality
- Superposition
- Cross-Cutting Relationships
- Walther's Law
There are several basic principles that geologists use to figure out the history of a rock: 1. Uniformitarianism 2. Original horizontality 3. Superposition 4. Cross-cutting relationships 5. Walther’s Law
The principle of uniformitarianism states that processes that alter the earth’s crust are the same processes that occurred millions of years ago. Furthermore, the results of processes today are the same as the results of the same processes millions of years ago. This means that we can take our observations of processes that occur today, and observa...
The principle of original horizontality states that sediment is deposited horizontally. This is sometimes easier to envision with liquids: imagine pouring water into a cup. The surface of the water is perfectly flat - horizontal. If you dump that water into a bowl, the surface remains flat. Now imagine that you have a jello mixture in the bowl - if...
This principle states that a sequence of rocks in their original orientation will have the oldest rock on the bottom and the youngest rock on the top. A simple way to think about this is that for something to be on top of something else, for example in order to put a book on top of a table, the table has to be there. If the table isn’t already ther...
Similarly to the principle of superposition, a rock must already be in place to be cut by a fault, igneous intrusion or erosion. By carefully examining which rock units are cut by faults or intrusions, or which rock units have been weathered, geologists can further determine the relative ages of rocks and features within them. As shown in the pictu...
Walther’s law is a little different from the previously discussed geologic principles, but it is just as important. Instead of dealing only with relative time, Walther’s law deals with relative space through time. Walther’s law states that depositional environments that are laterally adjacent on the surface of the earth will also appear in successi...
There are several basic principles that geologists use to figure out the history of a rock: Uniformitarianism. Original horizontality. Superposition. Cross-cutting relationships. Walther’s Law.
First published in: 1832. Online ISBN: 9780511701566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511701566. Subjects: Earth and Environmental Sciences , Life Sciences , Evolutionary Biology , Geomorphology and Physical Geography , Earth and Environmental Science: General Interest. Series: Cambridge Library Collection - Earth Science. 30.99 (GBP)
- Charles Lyell
- 2009
Oct 2, 2020 · The full title of this famous book is descriptive and informative: Principles of Geology; being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth’s surface, by reference to causes now in operation. Underpinning everything is the concept of “deep time,” the idea that vast amounts of time were available in which geological activity ...
The full title of this famous book is descriptive and informative: Principles of Geology; being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth’s surface, by reference to causes now in oper-ation. Underpinning everything is the concept of “deep time, the idea that vast amounts of time. ”.
