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  1. Aug 12, 2021 · The first whole-cell antigen (WCA) vaccines against R. prowazekii and R. rickettsii were produced already in the 1920s. R. L. Weigl produced R. prowazekii by intrarectal injection of the bacteria into lice and fed the arthropods on humans. The bacteria were prepared from the gut of the lice and inactivated in phenol.

    • Signs and Symptoms
    • Diagnosis and Testing
    • Treatment
    • Prevention

    Symptoms of epidemic typhus begin within 2 weeks after contact with infected body lice. Signs and symptoms may include: 1. Fever and chills 2. Headache 3. Rapid breathing 4. Body and muscle aches 5. Rash 6. Cough 7. Nausea 8. Vomiting 9. Confusion Brill-Zinsser disease Some people can remain infected, without symptoms, for years after they first ge...

    The symptoms of epidemic typhus are similar to symptoms of many other diseases. See your healthcare provider if you develop the symptoms listed above following travel or contact with animals.
    Tell your healthcare provider if you have had contact with flying squirrels or their nests.
    Your healthcare provider will order a blood test to look for epidemic typhus and other diseases.
    Laboratory testing and reporting of results can take several weeks. Your healthcare provider may start treatment before results are available.
    Epidemic typhus should be treated with the antibiotic doxycycline. Doxycycline can be used in persons of any age.
    Antibiotics are most effective when given soon after symptoms begin.
    People who are treated early with doxycycline usually recover quickly.
    There is no vaccine to prevent epidemic typhus.
    Reduce your risk of getting epidemic typhus by avoiding overcrowded areas.
    Body lice thrive in areas that are overcrowded and where people aren’t able to bathe or change clothes regularly. To avoid body louse infestations:
  2. Oct 22, 2020 · Over the last decades, rickettsioses are emerging worldwide. These diseases are caused by intracellular bacteria. Although rickettsioses can be treated with antibiotics, a vaccine against rickettsiae is highly desired for several reasons. Rickettsioses are highly prevalent, especially in poor countries, and there are indications of the development of antibiotic resistance. In addition, some ...

  3. Aug 12, 2021 · In the past years, knowledge about protective immunity against rickettsiae and immunogenic determinants has been increasing and provides a basis for vaccine development against these bacterial pathogens. This review provides an overview of experimental vaccination approaches against rickettsial infections and perspectives on vaccination strategies.

  4. Epidemic typhus is a rickettsial disease. Humans are the natural reservoir for R. prowazekii, which is prevalent worldwide and transmitted by body lice when louse feces are scratched or rubbed into bite or other wounds (or sometimes the mucous membranes of the eyes or mouth). In the United States, humans occasionally contract epidemic typhus ...

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