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April 30, 2000: Pope John Paul II canonizes Faustina Kowalska and designates the Sunday after Easter as Divine Mercy Sunday in the General Roman Calendar, with effect from the following year. January 1, 2001: The 21st century and the new millennium begin.
1521 Papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem (It Pleases the Roman Pontiff) excommunicates Luther; 1521 Ferdinand Magellan claims the Philippines for Spain, first mass and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in East Asia; 1522 Luther Bible, German NT translation; 1524 The Freedom of the Will published by Erasmus
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Prehistoric calendar
The original Roman calendar is usually believed to have been an observational lunar calendar whose months ended and began from the new moon. Because a lunar cycle is about 29+1⁄2 days long, such months would have varied between 29 and 30 days. Twelve such months would have fallen 10 or 11 days short of the solar year and, without adjustment, such a year would have quickly rotated out of alignment with the seasons in the manner of the Islamic calendar. Given the seasonal aspects of the calenda...
Legendary 10-month calendar
The Romans themselves usually described their first organized year as one with ten fixed months, a decimal division fitting general Roman practice. There were four months of "31" days—March, May, Quintilis, and October—called "full months" (pleni menses) and six months of "30" days—April, June, Sextilis, September, November, and December—called "hollow months" (cavi menses). These "304" days made up exactly 38 nundinal cycles. The months were kept in alignment with the moon, however, by count...
Republican calendar
The attested calendar of the Roman Republic was quite different. It had twelve months, already including January and February during the winter. It also followed Greek calendars in assuming a lunar cycle of 29+1⁄2 days and a solar year of 12+1⁄2 synodic months (368+3⁄4 days), which align every fourth year after two additions of an intercalary month (mensis intercalaris), sometimes known as Mercedonius. According to Livy, it was Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome (715–673 BC), who divided...
Roman dates were counted inclusivelyforward to the next one of three principal days within each month: 1. Kalends (Kalendae or Kal.), the 1st day of each month 2. Nones (Nonae or Non.), the 7thday of "full months"[f] and 5thday of hollow ones, 8days—"nine" by Roman reckoning—before the Ides in every month 3. Ides (Idus, variously Eid. or Id.), the ...
The nundinae were the market days which formed a kind of weekend in Rome, Italy, and some other parts of Roman territory. By Roman inclusive counting, they were reckoned as "ninth days" although they actually occurred every eighth day. Because the republican and Julian years were not evenly divisible into eight-day periods, Roman calendars included...
The names of Roman months originally functioned as adjectives (e.g., the January kalends occur in the January month) before being treated as substantive nouns in their own right (e.g., the kalends of January occur in January). Some of their etymologies are well-established: January and March honor the gods Janus and Mars; July and August honor Juli...
The Republican calendar only had 355days, which meant that it would quickly unsynchronize from the solar year, causing, for example, agricultural festivals to occur out of season. The Roman solution to this problem was to periodically lengthen the calendar by adding extra days within February. February was broken into two parts, each with an odd nu...
As mentioned above, Rome's legendary 10-month calendar notionally lasted for 304days but was usually thought to make up the rest of the solar year during an unorganized winter period. The unattested but almost certain lunar year and the pre-Julian civil year were 354 or 355 days long, with the difference from the solar year more or less corrected b...
The continuity of names from the Roman to the Gregorian calendar can lead to the mistaken belief that Roman dates correspond to Julian or Gregorian ones. In fact, the essentially complete list of Roman consuls allows general certainty of years back to the establishment of the republic but the uncertainty as to the end of lunar dating and the irregu...
Julian, Alexandrian, Byzantine, & Gregorian calendarsFasti, menologia rustica, & the Calendar of 354The General Roman Calendar is the liturgical calendar that indicates the dates of celebrations of saints and mysteries of the Lord (Jesus Christ) in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, wherever this liturgical rite is in use. These celebrations are a fixed annual date, or occur on a particular day of the week.
Liturgical calendar Main articles: Liturgical calendar and General Roman Calendar In the Latin Church, the annual calendar begins with Advent , a time of hope-filled preparation for both the celebration of Jesus' birth and his Second Coming at the end of time.
The Catholic Church considers that major divisions occurred in c. 144 with Marcionism, 318 with Arianism, 451 with the Oriental Orthodox, 1054 to 1449 (see East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the filioque) and papal primacy, and in 1517 with the ...
Jun 25, 2019 · Later in that century, in 380 AD, Roman Catholicism became the official religion of the Roman Empire. During the following 1000 years, Catholics were the only people recognized as Christians. In 1054 AD, a formal split occurred between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. This division remains in effect today.
