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While the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and Finland (from 1919 to 2000) exemplified early semi-presidential systems, the term "semi-presidential" was first introduced in 1959 in an article by journalist Hubert Beuve-Méry, and popularized by a 1978 work written by political scientist Maurice Duverger, both of whom intended to describe the ...
- Presidential system
v. t. e. A presidential system, or single executive system,...
- Semi-presidential system
Semi-presidential system. World's states colored by form of...
- Presidential system
Presidential systems. In presidential systems a president is the head of government, and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases they serve purely at the discretion of the president. Presidential republics without a prime minister
May 10, 2019 · A semi-presidential system of government is a republic ruled by an elected president, a prime minister, and a cabinet. It can be president-parliamentary or premier-presidential, with different degrees of power sharing between the president and the prime minister or the prime minister and the parliament. Examples are Ireland, Poland, Slovenia, and Portugal.
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Mar 27, 2019 · A comprehensive overview of the literature on semi-presidentialism, a form of government where the constitution includes both a popularly elected president and a prime minister and cabinet accountable to the parliament. The article covers definitions, classifications, regions, democratization, presidential powers, inter-institutional relations, parties, elections, and presidentialization of semi-presidential systems.
Figure 10.11 Based on Freedom House criteria, countries with parliamentary systems tend to have similar—and high—freedom scores, while the scores for countries with presidential and semi-presidential systems are more broadly distributed. N indicates the number of countries of each regime type; each dot represents one country.
