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5 days ago · The reticular activating system and ascending neurotransmitter-specific projection pathways: substantia nigra (dopamine), locus coeruleus (norepinephrine), median raphe nuclei (serotonin), pedunculopontine nuclei (acetylcholine) + +
1 day ago · CNS II: CORTEX AND DIENCEPHALON Parts of the CNS: -Cerebral cortex → thinking, memory, initiation of voluntary motor movements, perception (higher order function) -Diencephalon → sensory/motor RELAY center with the cerebral cortex (thalamus), autonomic function (hypothalamus) -Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla) → autonomic functions (such as breathing rhythm) and cranial nerves (control ...
4 days ago · PD is characterized by the degeneration of the substantia nigra in the midbrain and the appearance of intracellular Lewy bodies. Owing to dopamine decrease, the brain loses essential compounds that help regulate muscle activity, thereby inhibiting the nerve conduction pathway from the basal ganglia to the motor cortex and resulting in aberrant ...
1 day ago · Concepts of empathy, sympathy and compassion are often confused in a variety of literatures. This article proposes a pattern-theoretic approach to distinguishing compassion from empathy and sympathy. Drawing on psychology, Western philosophy, affective neuroscience, and contemplative science, we clarify the nature of compassion as a specific pattern of dynamically related factors that include ...
1 day ago · Dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and subthalamic nuclei modulate functions involving prefrontal and cingulate cortices, the basal ganglia, NAc, thalamus, hippocampus and brainstem (Figure 1, Bear et al., 2016). Learning, reward and movement execution are major implications from cortical dopaminergic ...
5 days ago · substantia nigra was transplanted into a young adult rat cortex or striatum. This allowed examine how the BBB lets [3H] GABA pass. In itially, [3H] GABA could cross the BBB and enter transplanted areas, particularly the neocor tex, for up to 4 weeks. In substantia nigra grafts, the BBB became be 4er at stopping GABA passage after 4 weeks.
5 days ago · Lithium lengthens the circadian periods in specific areas such as the SCN, olfactory bulb, median eminence, and substantia nigra in a manner that is dependent on the dosage and location, even if the effective dosage of lithium exceeded the plasma levels necessary for both extending the circadian behavior rhythms and achieving therapeutic effects .
