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1 day ago · Ulysses S. Grant. Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; [b] April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was an American military officer, politician, and the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877. As commanding general, Grant led the Union Army to victory in the American Civil War in 1865 and briefly served as U.S. secretary of war.
- Hiram Ulysses Grant, April 27, 1822, Point Pleasant, Ohio, U.S.
- Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson
8 hours ago · In 1954, segregation of public schools (state-sponsored) was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . [10] [11] [12] In some states, it took many years to implement this decision, while the Warren Court continued to rule against Jim Crow legislation in other cases such as ...
- Definitions
- History
- Californio Society and Customs
- Californios in Literature
- Notable Californios
- See Also
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The term "Californio" has different meanings depending on the author or source. According to the Real Academia Española, a Californio is a person native to California. Merriam-Websterdictionary defines a Californio as both a native or resident of this state and a specific ethnic group: the Spanish settlers and their descendants in California. Autho...
Early colonization
In 1769, Gaspar de Portolá and less than two hundred men, on expedition founded the Presidio of San Diego (military post). On July 16, Franciscan friars Junípero Serra, Juan Viscaino and Fernando Parron raised and 'blessed a cross', establishing the first mission in upper Las Californias, Mission San Diego de Alcalá.Colonists began arriving in 1774. Monterey, California was established in 1770 by Father Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà (first governor of Las Californias province (1767–177...
Later years of Mexican rule
In the 1830s, the newly formed Mexican government was experiencing difficulties, having gone through several revolts, wars, and internal conflicts and a seemingly never-ending string of Mexican Presidents. One of the problems in Mexico was the large amount of land controlled by the Catholic Church (estimated then at about one-third of all settled property), which was continually granted property by many landowners when they died and controlled property supposedly held in trust for the Native...
U.S. conquest of California
Prior to the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, the Californios forced the Mexican appointed governor, Manuel Micheltorena, to flee back to Mexico with most of his troops. Pío Pico, a Californio, was the governor of California during the conflict. The Pacific Squadron, the United States Naval force stationed in the Pacific was instrumental in the capture of Alta California after war was declared on April 24, 1846. The U.S. Navy with its force of 350–400 U.S. Marines and "bluejacket" sailors o...
Government
In the Spanish period, Alta California ("Upper California") was nominally controlled by a governor appointed by the Spanish government. The governors of California were at first appointed by the Viceroy (nominally under the control of the Spanish Crown). After 1821 and Mexican independence, there were approximately 40 Mexican Presidents from 1821 to 1846. Their administrations appointed the governor. The costs of the minimal Alta California government were paid mainly from revenues of the rou...
Foreigners
The independent minded Californios were also influenced by increasing numbers of immigrant foreigners (mostly English and French, English-speaking Americans being grouped with the "English", or Anglos) who entered the district. They assimilated with the Californios, becoming Mexican citizens and gaining land either independently granted to them or through marriage to Californio women. They also began to be active in local politics. For example, American Abel Stearns was an ally of the Califor...
Ethnicity
Californios included the descendants of agricultural settlers and retired escort soldiers deployed from what is modern-day Mexico. Most were of mixed ethnicities, usually Mestizo(Spanish and Native American) or mixed African and Amerindian backgrounds. Despite the depictions of popular American 20th-century TV shows such as Zorro, few Californios were of "pure" Spanish (Peninsular or Criollo) ancestry. Persons who were most likely to be native-born Spanish or of Spanish ancestry were Francisc...
A portrayal of Californio culture is depicted in the novel Ramona (1884), written by Helen Hunt Jackson.The fictional character of Zorro has become the most identifiable Californio due to novels, short stories, motion picturesand the 1950s television series. The historical facts of the era are someti...Richard Henry Dana Jr., recounted aspects of Californio culture which he saw during his 1834 visit as a sailor in Two Years Before the Mast.Joseph Chapman, a land realtor noted as the first Yankee to reside in the old Pueblo de Los Angeles in 1831, described Southern California as a paradise yet to be developed. He mentions a civilizat...Prominent families
1. Ávila family of California 2. Berryessa family of California 3. Careaga family of California 4. Carrillo family of California 5. Córdova family of California 6. Estudillo family of California 7. Guerra family of California 8. Lugo family of California 9. Pico family of California 10. Sepúlveda family of California
Law and politics
1. Juan Bautista Alvarado (1809–1882), Californian independence leader and Mexican Governor of the Californias 2. Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo (1807–1890), statesman, founder of Sonoma and namesake of Vallejo 3. Romualdo Pacheco (1831-1899), only Hispanic to serve as Governor of California since the American conquest 4. Francisco de Haro (1792-1849), first Mayor of San Francisco 5. José Joaquín Estudillo (1800-1852), Mayor of San Francisco and founder of San Leandro 6. Bernardo Yorba (1800–1858)...
Notable women
1. Eulalia Pérez de Guillén Mariné (c.1766–1878), mayordoma of Mission San Gabriel 2. María Ygnacia López de Carrillo (1793-1849), founder of Santa Rosa 3. María Soledad Ortega de Argüello (1797-1874), early developer of Redwood City 4. Juana Briones de Miranda (c.1802–1889), "Founding Mother of San Francisco" and early developer of Palo Alto 5. Angustias de la Guerra(1815-1890), women's rights activist and one of the first writers of Californian history 6. Francisca Benicia Carrillo de Valle...
Archival collections
1. Guide to the Amador, Yorba, López, and Cota families correspondence.Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. 2. Guide to the Orange County Californio Families Portrait Photograph Album.Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
Other
1. Californios, a People and a Culture, a personal website 2. Pitti, José; Antonia Castaneda and Carlos Cortes (1988). "A History of Mexican Americans in California" Archived 2006-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, in Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. California Department of Parks and Recreation, Office of Historic Preservation. 3. A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, University of Texas at Arlington
1 day ago · Anthroposophy is a spiritual [1] new religious movement [2] which was founded in the early 20th century by the esotericist Rudolf Steiner [3] that postulates the existence of an objective, intellectually comprehensible spiritual world, accessible to human experience.
8 hours ago · Among them, $1 billion in extra funding for Chicago Public Schools. We have a host of reasons why his demand should be categorically rejected. Among them, CPS already spends $29,000 per student , Chicago teachers are already among the nation’s highest paid in big cities and the Chicago Teachers Union refuses to close the many empty, failing ...
