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1. Top results related to what is a bencode encoding in c

   • What is a Value Class and what is a reference Class in C#?

     Top Answer

     Answered Nov 02, 2009 · 1 votes

     Value types are passed by value, while reference types are passed by reference.

     Edit: value/reference classes There is no concept of a 'value class' or 'reference class' in C#, so asking for its definition is moot.

     Other Answers

     Answered Nov 02, 2009 · 4 votes

     You may be thinking of C++/CLI which, unlike C#, allows the user to declare a "value class" or a "ref class." In C#, any class you declare will implicitly be a reference class - only built-in types, structs, and enums have value semantics. To read about value class in C++/CLI, look here: http://www.ddj.com/cpp/184401955

     Value classes have very little functionality compared to ref classes, and are useful for "plain old data"; that is, data which has no identity. Since you're copying the data when you assign one to another, the system provides you with a default (and mandatory) copy constructor which simply copies the data over to the other object.

     To convert a value class into a reference class (thereby putting it on the garbage-collected heap) you can "box" it.

     To decide whether a class you are writing is one or the other, ask yourself whether it has an identity. That usually means that it has some state, or has an identifier or a name, or a notion of its own context (for example a node pointing to nearby nodes).

     If it doesn't, it's probably a value class.

     In C#, however, value classes are declared as "structs".

     Other Answers

     Answered Nov 02, 2009 · 3 votes

     See the overview on the subject, but seriously follow the msnd links and read the full Common Type system chapter of it. (You could also have asked in a comment in the first, question)

     Check all answers on Stack Overflow

     1/5

   • What is a callback? What is it for and how is it implemented in for example C++

     Top Answer

     Answered Aug 12, 2009 · 16 votes

     I am familiar with some Java and C#

     A callback is an event or delegate in those languages - a way to get your code run by somebody else's code in it's context. Hence, the term "callback":

     • You call some other piece of code
     • It runs, perhaps calculating an intermediate value
     • It calls back into your code, perhaps giving you that intermediate value
     • It continues running, eventually passing control back to you by completing

     A canonical example is a sort routine with a user defined comparison function (the callback). Given a sort routine such as:

     void Sort(void* values, int length, int valueSize, int (*compare)(const void*, const void*) { for (int i = 0; i < length; i = i + 2) { // call the callback to determine order int isHigher = compare(values[i], values[i + 1]); /* Sort */ }}-

     (The specifics of how the sort is performed isn't important - just focus on the fact that any sorting algorithm needs to compare 2 values and determine which is higher.)

     So, now we can define some comparison functions:

     int CompareInts(const void* o, const void* p) { int* a = (int*) o; int* b = (int*) p;- if (a == b) return 0; return (a < b) ? -1 : 1;}-int ComparePersons(const void* o, const void* p) { Person* a = (Person*) o; Person* b = (Person*) p;- if (a == b) return 0; return (a->Value() < b=>Value()) ? -1 : 1;}-

     And reuse the same sort function with them:

     int intValues[10];Person personValues[10];-Sort(intValues, 10, sizeof(intVaues[0]), CompareInts);Sort(personValues, 10, sizeof(personVaues[0]), ComparePersons);-

     Things get a bit more complicated if you're using member functions, as you have to manage the this pointer - but the concept is the same. As with most things, it's easier to explain them in C first. ;)

     Other Answers

     Answered Nov 02, 2009 · 4 votes

     You may be thinking of C++/CLI which, unlike C#, allows the user to declare a "value class" or a "ref class." In C#, any class you declare will implicitly be a reference class - only built-in types, structs, and enums have value semantics. To read about value class in C++/CLI, look here: http://www.ddj.com/cpp/184401955

     Value classes have very little functionality compared to ref classes, and are useful for "plain old data"; that is, data which has no identity. Since you're copying the data when you assign one to another, the system provides you with a default (and mandatory) copy constructor which simply copies the data over to the other object.

     To convert a value class into a reference class (thereby putting it on the garbage-collected heap) you can "box" it.

     To decide whether a class you are writing is one or the other, ask yourself whether it has an identity. That usually means that it has some state, or has an identifier or a name, or a notion of its own context (for example a node pointing to nearby nodes).

     If it doesn't, it's probably a value class.

     In C#, however, value classes are declared as "structs".

     Other Answers

     Answered Nov 02, 2009 · 3 votes

     See the overview on the subject, but seriously follow the msnd links and read the full Common Type system chapter of it. (You could also have asked in a comment in the first, question)

     Check all answers on Stack Overflow

     2/5

   • What is a "copy c-or" in C++?

     Top Answer

     Answered Feb 27, 2012 · 6 votes

     Both "copy c-or" and "copy ctor" refer to the "copy constructor", which essentially refers to the object having to be copied.

     The reason for this is that the post-increment operator increments the object in question, but also returns the original object in the expression, necessitating a copy.

     Check all answers on Stack Overflow

     3/5

   • What is a converting constructor in C++ ? What is it for?

     Top Answer

     Answered Feb 25, 2013 · 77 votes

     The definition for a converting constructor is different between C++03 and C++11. In both cases it must be a non-explicit constructor (otherwise it wouldn't be involved in implicit conversions), but for C++03 it must also be callable with a single argument. That is:

     struct foo{ foo(int x); // 1 foo(char* s, int x = 0); // 2 foo(float f, int x); // 3 explicit foo(char x); // 4};

     Constructors 1 and 2 are both converting constructors in C++03 and C++11. Constructor 3, which must take two arguments, is only a converting constructor in C++11. The last, constructor 4, is not a converting constructor because it is explicit.

     • C++03: §12.3.1A constructor declared without the function-specifier explicit that can be called with a single parameter specifies a conversion from the type of its first parameter to the type of its class. Such a constructor is called a converting constructor.
     • C++11: §12.3.1A constructor declared without the function-specifier explicit specifies a conversion from the types of its parameters to the type of its class. Such a constructor is called a converting constructor.

     Why are constructors with more than a single parameter considered to be converting constructors in C++11? That is because the new standard provides us with some handy syntax for passing arguments and returning values using braced-init-lists. Consider the following example:

     foo bar(foo f){ return {1.0f, 5};}

     The ability to specify the return value as a braced-init-list is considered to be a conversion. This uses the converting constructor for foo that takes a float and an int. In addition, we can call this function by doing bar({2.5f, 10}). This is also a conversion. Since they are conversions, it makes sense for the constructors they use to be converting constructors.

     It is important to note, therefore, that making the constructor of foo which takes a float and an int have the explicit function specifier would stop the above code from compiling. The above new syntax can only be used if there is a converting constructor available to do the job.

     • C++11: §6.6.3:A return statement with a braced-init-list initializes the object or reference to be returned from the function by copy-list-initialization (8.5.4) from the specified initializer list.§8.5:The initialization that occurs [...] in argument passing [...] is called copy-initialization.§12.3.1:An explicit constructor constructs objects just like non-explicit constructors, but does so only where the direct-initialization syntax (8.5) or where casts (5.2.9, 5.4) are explicitly used.

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     4/5

   • What is a "byte" in C / C++

     Top Answer

     Answered Nov 28, 2011 · 27 votes

     C99, §3.6:

     byte

     addressable unit of data storage large enough to hold any member of the basic character set of the execution environment

     and §5.2.4.2.1:

     CHAR_BIT — number of bits for smallest object that is not a bit-field (byte)

     Thus, a "byte" contains CHAR_BIT bits.

     Check all answers on Stack Overflow

     5/5

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2. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › BencodeBencode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Bencode

   • Cached

   Bencode (pronounced like Bee-encode) is the encoding used by the peer-to-peer file sharing system BitTorrent for storing and transmitting loosely structured data. [1] It supports four different types of values: byte strings, integers, lists, and. dictionaries (associative arrays).

3. stackoverflow.com › questions › 12320327What type of encoding is this? I am told it's Bencode, but it ...

   stackoverflow.com › questions › 12320327

   • Cached

   Sep 7, 2012 · While this is similar to standard Bencode, it doesn't seem to use the standard syntax that Bencode uses. Does anyone have any ideas what type of encoding this is? Is this a non-standard Bencode format, or something entirely different?

4. bencode.readthedocs.io › en › stableDecoding - Bencode - Read the Docs

   bencode.readthedocs.io › en › stable

   • Cached

   Big Integers#. By default the library only works with a native integer type but if you need to use large integers, for example, if you want to parse a torrent file for a >= 4GB file on a 32 bit system, you can enable big integer support.

5. caolan.uk › notes › 2015/11/23_bencodingBencoding · Caolan

   caolan.uk › notes › 2015/11/23_bencoding

   • Cached

   Nov 23, 2015 · Bencode can safely include binary data too, and as you'll see, is incredibly easy to serialize and parse. Bencode format; Protocol Buffers; Encoding rules In Bencode, strings are almost identical to Netstrings, a delightfully simple format for bytestrings, where the value is prefixed by it's length in bytes: 12:hello world! => "hello world!"

6. fbdtemme.github.io › bencode › getting_startedBencode format — bencode 1.0.0 documentation - GitHub Pages

   fbdtemme.github.io › bencode › getting_started

   • Cached

   Introduction. Bencode is a simple encoding developed for BitTorrent. It support 4 basic data types: integer. string. lists. dictionary. The main advantages of bencode are its simplicity and that is unaffected by endianness, which is important for cross-platform applications.

7. fbdtemme.github.io › bencode › usageEncoding and decoding — bencode 1.0.0 documentation

   fbdtemme.github.io › bencode › usage

   • Cached

   encoder provides an output stream interface that serializes objects to bencode and writes the encoded form to the wrapped storage which can be passed as an OutputIterator or as a std::ostream. This allows to create complex bencoded objects without the need to create an intermediary bvalue.

8. justsolve.archiveteam.org › wiki › BencodeBencode - Just Solve the File Format Problem - Archive Team

   justsolve.archiveteam.org › wiki › Bencode

   • Cached

   Sep 18, 2022 · Bencode (pronounced B-Encode, not Ben Code) is a serialization encoding format used in torrent files for the BitTorrent protocol.