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The special theory of relativity explores the consequences of this invariance of c with the assumption that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference. One consequence is that c is the speed at which all massless particles and waves, including light, must travel in vacuum.
- 1.1B
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- Introduction
- Particle Families
- Particle Interactions
- Mass and Gravity
- Group Theory
- Lagrangian
The standard modelis the name given in the 1970s to a theory of fundamental particles and how they interact. It incorporated all that was known about subatomic particles at the time and predicted the existence of additional particles as well. There are seventeen named particles in the standard model, organized into the chart shown below. The last p...
Fundamental particles are either the building blocks of matter, called fermions, or the mediators of interactions, called bosons. There are twelve named fermions and five named bosons in the standard model. Fermions obey a statistical rule described by Enrico Fermi (1901–1954) of Italy, Paul Dirac (1902–1984) of England, and Wolfgang Pauli (1900–19...
Three of the four fundamental fources of nature are included in the standard model of particle physics — electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force. (Gravity is not included in the standard model.) Each force acts between particles because of some property of that particle — charge for electromagnetism, color for the strong force, and f...
All fermions are thought to have a nonzero mass. Particles in generation I are less massive than those in generation II, which are less massive than those in generation III. Within the generations, quarks are more massive than leptons and neutrinos are less massive than the other leptons. Bosons are divided when it comes to mass. Gluons and photons...
For those who like fancy math, the standard model is described using group theory notation as… SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) where the gauge group of strong interactions is… SU(3) and the gauge group of electroweak interactions is… SU(2) × U(1) Notes… 1. SU(3) 1.1. 3rd order special unitary group 1.2. the set of all 3 × 3 unitary matrices with unit determin...
What is this? The standard model Lagrangian. What does it say? I'll let you know when I figure it out. ℒ = −¼FμνFμν + iψ̄D̸ψ + h.c. + ψiyijψjφ + h.c. + |Dμφ|2 − V(φ)
The Standard Model. The Standard Model explains how the basic building blocks of matter interact, governed by four fundamental forces. The theories and discoveries of thousands of physicists since the 1930s have resulted in a remarkable insight into the fundamental structure of matter: everything in the universe is found to be made from a few ...
The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimental particle physicists alike. The Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory for theorists, exhibiting a wide range of phenomena, including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies, and non-perturbative behavior.
Sep 12, 2022 · This page titled 1.3: Units and Standards is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. Systems of units are constructed from a small number of fundamental units ...
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The Standard Model consists of 17 fundamental particles. Only two of these – the electron and the photon – would have been familiar to anyone 100 years ago. They are split into two groups: the fermions and the bosons. The fermions are the building blocks of matter. There are 12 fermions, split into six quarks and six leptons.
Sep 19, 2022 · The Standard Model is the most complete description of the subatomic world that has ever been created in modern physics. The model was built through the 20th century on the foundations of quantum ...
