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Chlorine) is known as the oxidizing agent
- The atom or molecule that accepts the electrons (in this case, chlorine) is known as the oxidizing agent, because its acceptance of electrons allows the other molecule to become oxidized.
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Living cells accomplish this using ATP, which can be used to fill any energy need of the cell. How? It functions like a rechargeable battery. When ATP is broken down, energy is released. This energy is used by the cell to do work. For example, in the mechanical work of muscle contraction, ATP supplies energy to move the contractile muscle proteins.
These redox reactions harvest energy for the cell by coupling exergonic redox reactions to an energy-requiring reactions in the cell. In respiration, a special set of enzymes carry out a linked series of redox reactions that ultimately transfer electrons to the terminal electron acceptor.
- Overview of Fuel Breakdown Pathways
- Redox Reactions
- Redox Reactions with carbon-containing Molecules
- Energy in Redox Reactions
- Electron Carriers
- Electron Transport Chain
The reactions that allow energy to be extracted from molecules such as glucose, fats, and amino acids are called catabolic reactions, meaning that they involve breaking a larger molecule into smaller pieces. For example, when glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen, it’s converted into six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules. ...
Cellular respiration involves many reactions in which electrons are passed from one molecule to another. Reactions involving electron transfers are known as oxidation-reduction reactions (or redox reactions), and they play a central role in the metabolism of a cell. In a redox reaction, one of the reacting molecules loses electrons and is said to b...
When a reaction involves the formation of ions, as in the example with magnesium and chlorine above, it’s relatively easy to see that electrons are being transferred. Not all redox reactions involve the complete transfer of electrons, though, and this is particularly true of reactions important in cellular metabolism. Instead, some redox reactions ...
Like other chemical reactions, redox reactions involve a free energy change. Reactions that move the system from a higher to a lower energy state are spontaneous and release energy, while those that do the opposite require an input of energy. In redox reactions, energy is released when an electron loses potential energy as a result of the transfer....
Electron carriers, sometimes called electron shuttles, are small organic molecules that readily cycle between oxidized and reduced forms and are used to transport electrons during metabolic reactions. There are two electron carriers that play particularly important roles during cellular respiration: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, shown be...
In their reduced forms, NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They deposit their electrons at or near the beginning of the transport chain, and the electrons are then passed along from one protein or organic molecule to the next in a predictable series of steps. Importantly, the movement...
- Overview of Fuel Breakdown Pathways. The reactions that allow energy to be extracted from molecules such as glucose, fats, and amino acids are called catabolic reactions, meaning that they involve breaking a larger molecule into smaller pieces.
- Redox Reactions. Cellular respiration involves many reactions in which electrons are passed from one molecule to another. Reactions involving electron transfers are known as oxidation-reduction reactions (or redox reactions), and they play a central role in the metabolism of a cell.
- Redox Reactions with Carbon-containing Molecules. When a reaction involves the formation of ions, as in the example with magnesium and chlorine above, it’s relatively easy to see that electrons are being transferred.
- Energy in Redox Reactions. Like other chemical reactions, redox reactions involve a free energy change. Reactions that move the system from a higher to a lower energy state are spontaneous and release energy, while those that do the opposite require an input of energy.
ATP structure and hydrolysis. Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is a small, relatively simple molecule. It can be thought of as the main energy currency of cells, much as money is the main economic currency of human societies. The energy released by hydrolysis (breakdown) of ATP is used to power many energy-requiring cellular reactions.
An example would be ½ O2/H 2 O, where H 2 O could serve as an electron donor in one reaction, becoming the product O 2 as a result of being oxidized, while O 2 could serve as an electron acceptor in a different reaction, becoming the product H 2 O as a result of being reduced.
- Linda Bruslind
- 2019
Phosphorylation is an example of energy transfer between molecules. Information presented and the examples highlighted in the section support concepts and Learning Objectives outlined in Big Idea 2 of the AP ® Biology Curriculum Framework.
