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A computer network is a system that connects numerous independent computers in order to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more easily.
A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that are linked together. A network connection can be established using either cable or wireless media. Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in any network.
A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes. Servers, networking hardware, personal computers, and other specialized or general-purpose hosts can all be nodes in a computer network. Host names and network addresses are used to identify them.
How Does a Computer Network Work?
Computer Networks simply work using nodes and links. Data communication equipment is simply termed as Nodes. For example, Modems, Hubs, Switches, etc. whereas links in Computer networks can be referred to as a connection between two nodes. We have several types of links like cable wires, optical fibers, etc.
Whenever a Computer Network is working, nodes have the work of sending and receiving data via the links. Computer Network...
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A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes. Servers, networking hardware, personal computers, and other specialized or general-purpose hosts can all be nodes in a computer network. Hostnames and network addresses are used to identify them.Criteria of good network:Performance: It can be measured in many ways, including transmit time and response time. Transit time is the amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another. Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a response. The performance of the network depends on a number of factors, including the number of users, the type of medium & hardwareReliability: In the addition to accuracy is measured by frequency of failure, the time it takes a link to recover from failure, and the network’s robustness in catastrophe. Security: Network security issues include protecting data from unauthorized access, protecting data from damage and development, and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from breaches and data loss. Goal Of Networking:Programs do not...
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A computer network is a system that connects numerous independent computers in order to share information (data) and resources. The integration of computers and other different devices allows users to communicate more easily.
A computer network is a collection of two or more computer systems that are linked together. A network connection can be established using either cable or wireless media. Hardware and software are used to connect computers and tools in any network.
A computer network consists of various kinds of nodes. Servers, networking hardware, personal computers, and other specialized or general-purpose hosts can all be nodes in a computer network. Host names and network addresses are used to identify them.
How Does a Computer Network Work?Computer Networks simply work using nodes and links. Data communication equipment is simply termed as Nodes. For example, Modems, Hubs, Switches, etc. whereas links in Computer networks can be referred to as a connection between two nodes. We have several types of links like cable wires, optical fibers, etc.
Whenever a Computer Network is working, nodes have the work of sending and receiving data via the links. Computer Network provides...
- Computer Networks help in operating virtually.
- Computer Networks integrate on a large scale.
- Computer Networks respond very quickly in case of conditions change.
- Computer Networks help in providing data security.
- Network safety: In order to fulfil the highest international requirements for network security and to help assure confidentiality and integrity, AWS infrastructure is continuously monitored.
- Accessibility of the network: With its extensive global infrastructure, AWS can provide high availability to any location on the planet.
- Network functionality: Amazon network services offer fast speeds and less latency.
- Installation is simple.
- Compared to mesh, star, and tree topologies, the bus utilizes less cabling.
- Difficulty in reconfiguring and isolating faults.
- A bus cable malfunction or break interrupts all communication.
- Data transmission is relatively straightforward because packets only move in one direction.
- There is no requirement for a central controller to manage communication between nodes.
- Easy installation & Reconfiguration
- Simplified Faulty connections
- In a Unidirectional Ring, a data packet must traverse through all nodes.
- All computers must be turned on in order for them to connect with one another.
- When attaching or disconnecting devices, there are no network interruptions.
- It’s simple to set up and configure.
- Identifying and isolating faults is simple.
- Less Expensive than mesh
- Easy to install & configure
- Nodes attached to the hub, switch, or concentrator is failed if they fail.
- Because of the expense of the hubs, it is more expensive than linear bus topologies.
- More cable is required compared to a bus or ring
- Too much dependency on Hub
- Data can be sent from multiple devices at the same time. This topology can handle a lot of traffic.
- Even if one of the connections fails, a backup is always available. As a result, data transit is unaffected.
- Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages
- Point to Point links make fault transmission & fault isolation easy
- The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports that are necessary.
- The sheer bulk of wiring can be greater than the available space can accommodate.
- It is difficult to install and reconfigure.
- Network expansion is both possible and simple.
- We partition the entire network into pieces (star networks) that are easier to manage and maintain.
- Other segments are unaffected if one segment is damaged.
- Tree topology relies largely on the main bus cable because of its basic structure, and if it fails, the entire network is handicapped.
- Maintenance becomes more challenging when more nodes and segments are added.
- NIC (Network Interface Card): A network card, often known as a network adapter or NIC (network interface card), is computer hardware that enables computers to communicate via a network. It offers physical access to networking media and, in many cases, MAC addresses serve as a low-level addressing scheme. Each network interface card has a distinct identifier. This is stored on a chip that is attached to the card.
- Repeater: A repeater is an electrical device that receives a signal, cleans it of unwanted noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level or to the opposite side of an obstruction, allowing the signal to travel greater distances without degradation. In the majority of twisted pair Ethernet networks, Repeaters are necessary for cable lengths longer than 100 meters in some systems. Repeaters are based on physics.
- Hub: A hub is a device that joins together many twisted pairs or fiber optic Ethernet devices to give the illusion of a formation of a single network segment. The device can be visualized as a multiport repeater. A network hub is a relatively simple broadcast device. Any packet entering any port is regenerated and broadcast out on all other ports, and hubs do not control any of the traffic that passes through them. Packet collisions occur as a result of every packet being sent out through all other ports, substantially impeding the smooth flow of communication.
- Bridges: Bridges broadcast data to all the ports but not to the one that received the transmission. Bridges, on the other hand, learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports rather than copying messages to all ports as hubs do. Once a port and an address are associated, the bridge will only transport traffic from that address to that port.
- Switches: A switch differs from a hub in that it only forwards frames to the ports that are participating in the communication, rather than all of the ports that are connected. The collision domain is broken by a switch, yet the switch depicts itself as a broadcast domain. Frame-forwarding decisions are made by switches based on MAC addresses.
- Routers: Routers are networking devices that use headers and forwarding tables to find the optimal way to forward data packets between networks. A router is a computer networking device that links two or more computer networks and selectively exchanges data packets between them. A router can use address information in each data packet to determine if the source and destination are on the same network or if the data packet has to be transported between networks. When numerous routers are deployed in a wide collection of interconnected networks, the routers share target system addresses so that each router can develop a table displaying the preferred pathways between any two systems on the associated networks.
- Gateways: To provide system compatibility, a gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance-matching devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators. It also necessitates the development of administrative procedures that are acceptable to both networks. By completing the necessary protocol conversions, a protocol translation/mapping gateway joins networks that use distinct network protocol technologies.
- Source of entertainment – Online gaming, talking, browsing, music, movies, dramas, and TV series are quickly becoming the most popular ways to pass the time.
- Source of information – There is no better place to conduct research than the internet. We can learn about the latest trends, communicate with experts without having to physically visit them, and seek professional advice over the Internet.
- E-Commerce – With the advancement of internet technology, large online E-commerce enterprises such as Amazon, Ali Baba, myntra, etc. have emerged.
- Working from home, collaborating with others, and having access to a global workforce are all advantages.
- Keeps Updated – Because there are hundreds of thousands of newsgroups and services that keep you updated with every tick of the clock, the Internet is a source of the most recent news.
- Time Wastage – Most people believe that spending too much time on the internet is unhealthy for young people and leads to obesity.
- Money Laundering – Aside from reputable sites, there are some Social Media Advertising sites that try to steal your personal information, credit card information, and even your pin code. You can easily become a victim of money scams if they get this information.
- Exposure to private data – It is now quite easy to decipher someone’s chat or email communication thanks to the hacking community. As we all know, data is transmitted in packets, which hackers can simply detect and reconstruct.
- Harassment & threatening – Bullies exist online, just as they do in real life, and they can lower your self-esteem by harassing and threatening you. Some of these individuals may be persons who are aware of some of your personal details and dislike you and may use this information to harass you.
- Dial-Up – In order to access the Internet, in this type of connection, users must connect their phone line to a computer. This link prevents the user from using tier home phone service to make or receive calls.
- Broadband – Broadband is a high-speed internet connection that is frequently utilized nowadays and is provided by cable or phone companies.
- Wireless connections – Internet access is accomplished by radio waves, thus it is possible to connect to the Internet from any location. Wi-Fi and mobile service providers are examples of wireless connections.
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Top Answer
Answered Oct 07, 2021 · 3 votes
With the Exercise link provided, we can see that the TCP transmission moves from Slow Start to Congestion Avoidance at Transmission Round 6 in Exercise 1, (we can see we the graph change gradient, next paragraph as to why).
As per RFC 2001 Article .1 & .2 (link), we can see that when we move into TCP Congestion Avoidance the Congestion Window Size (cwnd), the segment size shall increase by only 1 per Transmission Round.
Again looking at the exercise (and your notes above), we see the following segment sizes being transmitted (it's important to notice the packets are inclusive, so transmission round 6 contains 32 packets, round 7 contains 33 packets):
During the 1st transmission round, packet 1 is sent; | Current Window Size of (1)packet 2-3 are sent in the 2nd transmission round; | Increase window by 1 segment (2)packets 4-7 are sent in the 3rd transmission round; | Increase window by 2 segments (4)packets 8-15 are sent in the 4th transmission round; | Increase window by 4 segments (8)packets 16 to 31 are sent in the 5th transmission round; | Increase window by 8 segments (16)packets 32 to 63 are sent in the 6th transmission round; | Increase window by 16 segments (32)*** Here we switch to Congestion Avoidancepackets 64 to 96 are sent in the 7th transmission round. | Increase windows by 1 segment (33)-
As the packets are inclusive, the exercise is correct by stating that packet 32, all the way up to and including packet 63 (so let's imagine the end of packet 63 being essentially the beginning of packet 64) make up transmission round 6.
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