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Free-Response Questions. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ...
- Advances in Physiology
- The Krebs Cycle
- The Structure and Function of Proteins
- The Eclipse of Darwinism and The Vitalist Controversy
- The Rise of Genetics and Population Biology
- The Modern Synthesis of Darwinism and Genetics
As outlined in the previous historical sketch, A Brief History Biology: Before 1900, around the turn of the 20th century, the science of biology faced two main challenges: (1) deepening its understanding of the material constitution of living things and the physical principles governing their activity; and (2) accounting for their origin, affiliati...
It was Hans Krebs (1900–1981) who used the new techniques perhaps to greatest advantage. Beginning in the 1930s, he demonstrated how the chemical reactions occurring in cells—considered collectively and taking waste products into account—constituted completed thermodynamic cycles (as in an ideal Carnot engine), thus closing the energetic books in a...
Gradually, it became clear that all fundamental activity of the cell is mediated by another class of macromolecules, namely, proteins. Here, Emil Fischer(1852–1919) played a very important conceptual role with his “lock-and-key” model of protein-substrate interaction. While at its core little more than a metaphor, Fischer’s fundamental lock-and-key...
With respect to the second main challenge mentioned above—the nature of the origins, affiliations, and transformations of the myriad forms of life on earth—during the latter part of the nineteenth century great hopes had been placed in Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection as a means of explaining both how one living form (phenotype) is prod...
During these same decades, the ground was also being quietly cleared for the revival of Darwinism. First came the rediscovery of the pioneering experiments of Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), who had determined the laws of genetic segregation and independent assortment in sexually reproducing metazoans. He had published his results in 1866 to very little...
However, the highly formal studies of the founders and developers of population biology still needed to be supplemented by more traditional field studies in natural history and paleontology in order to prove that the mathematicians’ equations matched the observable reality of changing biological forms over time. This piece of the puzzle was not lon...
- James Barham
- Education Writer
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May 25, 2021 · The ascendancy of the Modern Synthesis (see A Brief History of Biology: 1900–1950) prevailed throughout the first half of our period, at least until the late 1970s. Perhaps the apogee of the influence of neo-Darwinism may be represented by two books published during the middle of that decade, a year apart.
- James Barham
- Education Writer
AP Biology Course and Exam Description. This is the core document for this course. It clearly lays out the course content and describes the exam and the AP Program in general. The CED was updated in the summer of 2020 to include scoring guidelines for the example questions. PDF.
Starting with the 2024 exam, the layout for the free-response questions (FRQs) will be different from prior exams. For a summary of the changes, and to help you visualize this change to the layout, we’ve applied the 2024 layout to the 2021–2023 AP Biology FRQs. You can find the original scoring guidelines on the past exam questions page.
Organize your answers as clearly and neatly as possible. You might want to label your answers according to the sub-part, such as (a), (b), (c), etc. This will assist you in organizing your thoughts, as well as helping to ensure that you answer all the parts of the free-response question. You should include the proper units for each number where ...
The AP ® Learning Objectives listed in the Curriculum Framework provide a transparent foundation for the AP ® Biology course, an inquiry-based laboratory experience, instructional activities, and AP ® exam questions. A learning objective merges required content with one or more of the seven science practices.
