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1. • • carcinogen, any of a number of agents that can cause cancer in humans. They can be divided into three major categories: chemical carcinogens (including those from biological sources), physical carcinogens, and oncogenic (cancer-causing) viruses.
     www.britannica.com › science › carcinogen

     Carcinogen | Causes, Effects & Prevention | Britannica

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   How many carcinogenic agents are there?

   • Of these, more than 500 have been identified as carcinogenic, probably carcinogenic, or possibly carcinogenic to humans. IARC convenes expert scientists to evaluate the evidence that an agent can increase the risk of cancer. The agency describes the principles, procedures, and scientific criteria that guide the evaluations.

   Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk - NCI

   www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/substances/carcinogens

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   Can a non-carcinogenic agent be classified?

   • For agents that have not been classified, no determination of non-carcinogenicity or overall safety should be inferred. See Preventable Exposures Associated With Human Cancers (Cogliano et al., 2011) Read the IARC Monographs Q&A for answers to commonly asked questions on the evaluation process.

   Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs , Volumes 1–135

   monographs.iarc.who.int/agents-classified-by-the-iarc/

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   How are chemical carcinogens categorized?

   • There is no single comprehensive basis for categorization; chemical carcinogens are sometimes ordered according to the context in which information is presented, with genotoxicity ordered according to mutational signatures, or agents categorized in relation to differing classes of receptors.

   Mechanisms of carcinogenesis: from initiation and promotion to the

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK570326/

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3. canceratlas.cancer.org › human-carcinogensHuman Carcinogens | The Cancer Atlas

   canceratlas.cancer.org › human-carcinogens

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   The agents are classified as “carcinogenic to humans” (Group 1), “probably carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2A), “possibly carcinogenic to humans” (Group 2B), “not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans” (Group 3), or as “probably not carcinogenic to humans” (Group 4).

   • Known and Probable Human Carcinogens - American Cancer Society

     The lists below are from IARC and NTP. More information on...

   • Determining if Something Is a Carcinogen | American Cancer ...

     Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans; Group 2A: Probably...

4. monographs.iarc.who.int › agents-classified-by-theAgents Classified by the IARC Monographs , Volumes 1–135

   monographs.iarc.who.int › agents-classified-by-the

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   Dec 1, 2023 · Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans: 128 agents: Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans 95 agents: Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans: 323 agents: Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans: 500 agents

5. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articlesPathogens and Carcinogenesis: A Review - PMC

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › pmc › articles

   Jun 15, 2021 · The pathogens and cancers described are Helicobacter pylori (gastric cancer), Epstein-Barr virus (gastric cancer and lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C viruses (liver cancer), Aspergillus spp. (liver cancer), Opisthorchis viverrine (bile duct cancer), Clonorchis sinensis (bile duct cancer), Fusobacterium nucleatum (colorectal cancer), Schistosoma haem...

   • Author: Muhammad Nur Adam Hatta, Ezanee Azlina Mohamad Hanif, Siok-Fong Chin, Hui-Min Neoh
   • DOI: 10.3390/biology10060533

   • Publish Year: 2021
   • Publication: Biology (Basel). 2021 Jun; 10(6): 533.

6. www.cancer.gov › about-cancer › causes-preventionEnvironmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk - NCI

   www.cancer.gov › about-cancer › causes-prevention

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   Apr 6, 2023 · About Cancer. Cancer Causes and Prevention. Risk Factors. Cancer-Causing Substances. Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk. Does any exposure to a known carcinogen always result in cancer? Any substance that causes cancer is known as a carcinogen.

7. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › books › NBK570326Tumour Site Concordance and Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis.

   www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov › books › NBK570326

   The types of biological agents and of radiation now recognized by IARC as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) are few compared with the number of chemicals in this category ( IARC, 2012a, b, c, d, e, f ); there is a much larger number of chemicals for which at least some evidence of carcinogenicity is available (see Volumes 1–105 of the IARC Monogr...