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The Mediterranean region in 220 BC. In the northernmost part of ancient Greece, in the ancient kingdom of Macedonia, technological and organizational skills were forged with a long history of cavalry warfare. The hetairoi ( Companion cavalry) was considered the strongest of their time. [19]
Apr 3, 2024 · Vocabulary. Before the Greeks and Romans, the Phoenicians ruled the Mediterranean. The core of Phoenician territory was the city-state of Tyre, in what-is-now Lebanon. Phoenician civilization lasted from approximately 1550 to 300 B.C.E., when the Persians, and later the Greeks, conquered Tyre. The Phoenicians are primarily remembered as adept ...
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The 1st millennium BC, also known as the last millennium BC, was the period of time lasting from the years 1000 BC to 1 BC ( 10th to 1st centuries BC; in astronomy: JD 1 356 182.5 – 1 721 425.5 [1] ). It encompasses the Iron Age in the Old World and sees the transition from the Ancient Near East to classical antiquity .
The Ancient Middle East was probably the most crucial region in the history of the world. It was here that farming first arose, the earliest cities appeared, writing first developed (and later the alphabet), the wheel, the sail, bronze metallurgy, iron metallurgy, the first empires, the first law codes – all were first seen here.
At this time the Egyptians had already developed a system of writing. Between about 2686 and about 2160 bce their country was united under a powerful monarchy (the Old Kingdom) served by a complex bureaucracy. Toward the end of the 3rd millennium there was a period of disunity, followed by reunification under the 12th dynasty (1991–1786).
- William Foxwell Albright
With the exception of Byblos, which had been a flourishing center from at least the third millennium B.C., the Phoenician cities first emerged as urban entities around 1500 B.C. As Egyptian and Near Eastern documents record, the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1600–1200 B.C.) was a time of economic prosperity for these trading centers.
Timeline. c. 1200 BCE - c. 800 BCE. First wave of Phoenician colonization where largely trading-posts are founded throughout the Mediterranean . 1000 BCE - 338 BCE. Ancient Greek civilization in Greece and the Mediterranean . c. 800 BCE - 600 BCE. Second stage of Phoenician colonization where trading-posts become full colonies throughout the ...
