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Napoléon III
- The empire was formally re-established on 2 December 1852, and the Prince-President became "Napoléon III, Emperor of the French".
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Monarchs ruled the Kingdom of France from the establishment of Francia in 509 to 1870, except for certain periods from 1792 to 1852. Since 1870, the head of state has been the President of France. Below is a list of all French heads of state.
- 2 November 1795
- Legislative Assembly
- 20 September 1792
- Unicameral
The anti-parliamentary French Constitution of 1852 instituted by Napoleon III on 14 January 1852 was largely a repetition of that of 1848. All executive power was entrusted to the emperor, who, as head of state, was solely responsible to the people.
This vast personal power was nonetheless built on the concept of popular sovereignty, through frequent use of plebiscites: the head of State “may at any time call on sovereign judgment [of the French people] so that, in solemn circumstances, [they may] continue or withdraw [their] trust”.
The president of France is the head of state of France. The first officeholder is considered to be Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who was elected in 1848 and provoked the 1851 self-coup to later proclaim himself emperor as Napoleon III.
1852–70 Third Republic (president) Adolphe Thiers: 1871–73 Patrice de Mac-Mahon: 1873–79 Jules Grévy: 1879–87 Sadi Carnot: 1887–94 Jean Casimir-Périer: 1894–95 Félix Faure: 1895–99 Émile Loubet: 1899–1906 Armand Fallières: 1906–13 Raymond Poincaré: 1913–20 Paul Deschanel
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) (April 20, 1808 – January 9, 1873) was the first President of the French Republic and the only emperor of the Second French Empire. He holds the unusual distinction of being both the first titular president and the last monarch of France.
Jul 17, 2023 · On December 2, 1852, as a result of a plebiscite, a constitutional monarchy was established, headed by Napoleon’s nephew, I Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, who adopted the name of Emperor Napoleon III. Previously, Louis Napoleon was President of the Second Republic (1848-1852). The second empire was overthrown by the September Revolution.
