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Charles IV
- Charles IV was crowned as the King of Bohemia in 1346 and labored to uplift not only Bohemia but also the rest of Europe. As the Holy Roman Emperor and the Czech king, dubbed the “Father of the Country” (Pater patriae in Latin), he is the most notable European ruler of the late Middle Ages.
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From 1004 to 1806, Bohemia was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and its ruler was an elector. During 1526–1804 the Kingdom of Bohemia, together with the other lands of the Bohemian Crown, was ruled under a personal union as part of the Habsburg monarchy.
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Sep 13, 2024 · Bohemia was bounded on the south by Austria, on the west by Bavaria, on the north by Saxony and Lusatia, on the northeast by Silesia, and on the east by Moravia. From 1918 to 1939 and from 1945 to 1992, it was part of Czechoslovakia, and since 1993 it has formed much of the Czech Republic.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Overview
- The Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia (895–1306)
In 895 the prince of Bohemia made an accord with Arnulf, the German king who had attacked Moravia, and thereby warded off the danger of invasion. The domain over which the house of Přemysl ruled from Prague was in the early 10th century the largest political unit in Bohemia. Hostile tribal chieftains controlled the eastern and northeastern districts, but the extent of their power is not known. The most powerful of them, the Slavníks residing at Libice, remained defiant until the end of the 10th century.
At first Bohemia maintained close relations with neighbouring Bavaria. Both countries were threatened for several decades by the Magyars and by the rise in Germany of the Saxon dynasty, which began with Henry I (the Fowler) in 918 and reached its climax with the imperial coronation of Otto I in Rome in 962. (This coronation marked the restitution of the Holy Roman Empire, with which Bohemia was linked thereafter for many centuries.)
Bohemia’s orientation toward the Saxon dynasty began in the 920s under Wenceslas I (Czech: Václav), the grandson of the Czech prince Bořivoj. It was symbolized by the dedication of a stone church at the Prague castle to a Saxon saint, Vitus. Both Slavic and Latin legends praise Wenceslas and his grandmother St. Ludmila as fervent Christian believers but tell little about his political activities. After Wenceslas was murdered in 929 or 935—according to legend, by his younger brother and successor, Boleslav I—the prince became regarded as the patron saint of Bohemia. The legends present the murder as an outburst against Wenceslas’s devotion to the new faith, but the conspiracy probably had a strong political motivation—namely, the payment of annual tribute to the king of Germany.
Boleslav I attempted, unsuccessfully, to loosen the ties Wenceslas had made with the Saxon dynasty. Like his brother, however, he reigned as a Christian prince; his daughter married Prince Mieszko I of Poland and helped to spread Christianity in that country. His son and successor, Boleslav II, used his friendly relations with the pope and the emperor to enhance his prestige. He attached new territories east of Bohemia to his father’s annexations. In 973 a bishopric for the entire principality was founded in Prague. Bohemia was thus taken off the Bavarian metropolitan jurisdiction and subordinated to the geographically distant archbishop of Mainz. The first bishop of Prague, Thietmar, was from the Saxon land but knew the Slavic language. He was succeeded in 982 by Adalbert (Vojtěch), a member of the Slavník family, the second most powerful princely clan in the land. In 995 Boleslav II moved against the Slavníks and slaughtered the whole clan. Adalbert survived because he had gone abroad to spread Christianity. (In Hungary he baptized the country’s future patron saint, King Stephen I, but in 997, on the shores of the Baltic Sea, he was killed by heathens.)
Struggles among the descendants of Boleslav II plagued Bohemia for the first three decades of the 11th century and considerably reduced its power. Most of the territories that had been attached to the country in the 10th century were lost. Bohemia’s fortunes improved when Prince Břetislav I, a grandson of Boleslav II, led a successful expedition into Moravia; he conquered only a minor portion of the former Great Moravia, but it was large enough to constitute a province, and it was linked from then on with Bohemia.
The ambitions of Břetislav, who was enthroned in 1034, ran higher, and he invaded Poland in 1039—with only temporary success. Incurring the indignation of the German king Henry III, he was forced to evacuate the conquered territory and to make an oath of fealty (1041). In the latter part of his reign, Břetislav cooperated with Henry III (who was crowned Holy Roman emperor in 1046), thus protecting his domain against armed intervention. Břetislav’s submission marked the end of Bohemian attempts to break out from the hegemony of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.
In 895 the prince of Bohemia made an accord with Arnulf, the German king who had attacked Moravia, and thereby warded off the danger of invasion. The domain over which the house of Přemysl ruled from Prague was in the early 10th century the largest political unit in Bohemia. Hostile tribal chieftains controlled the eastern and northeastern districts, but the extent of their power is not known. The most powerful of them, the Slavníks residing at Libice, remained defiant until the end of the 10th century.
At first Bohemia maintained close relations with neighbouring Bavaria. Both countries were threatened for several decades by the Magyars and by the rise in Germany of the Saxon dynasty, which began with Henry I (the Fowler) in 918 and reached its climax with the imperial coronation of Otto I in Rome in 962. (This coronation marked the restitution of the Holy Roman Empire, with which Bohemia was linked thereafter for many centuries.)
Bohemia’s orientation toward the Saxon dynasty began in the 920s under Wenceslas I (Czech: Václav), the grandson of the Czech prince Bořivoj. It was symbolized by the dedication of a stone church at the Prague castle to a Saxon saint, Vitus. Both Slavic and Latin legends praise Wenceslas and his grandmother St. Ludmila as fervent Christian believers but tell little about his political activities. After Wenceslas was murdered in 929 or 935—according to legend, by his younger brother and successor, Boleslav I—the prince became regarded as the patron saint of Bohemia. The legends present the murder as an outburst against Wenceslas’s devotion to the new faith, but the conspiracy probably had a strong political motivation—namely, the payment of annual tribute to the king of Germany.
Boleslav I attempted, unsuccessfully, to loosen the ties Wenceslas had made with the Saxon dynasty. Like his brother, however, he reigned as a Christian prince; his daughter married Prince Mieszko I of Poland and helped to spread Christianity in that country. His son and successor, Boleslav II, used his friendly relations with the pope and the emperor to enhance his prestige. He attached new territories east of Bohemia to his father’s annexations. In 973 a bishopric for the entire principality was founded in Prague. Bohemia was thus taken off the Bavarian metropolitan jurisdiction and subordinated to the geographically distant archbishop of Mainz. The first bishop of Prague, Thietmar, was from the Saxon land but knew the Slavic language. He was succeeded in 982 by Adalbert (Vojtěch), a member of the Slavník family, the second most powerful princely clan in the land. In 995 Boleslav II moved against the Slavníks and slaughtered the whole clan. Adalbert survived because he had gone abroad to spread Christianity. (In Hungary he baptized the country’s future patron saint, King Stephen I, but in 997, on the shores of the Baltic Sea, he was killed by heathens.)
Struggles among the descendants of Boleslav II plagued Bohemia for the first three decades of the 11th century and considerably reduced its power. Most of the territories that had been attached to the country in the 10th century were lost. Bohemia’s fortunes improved when Prince Břetislav I, a grandson of Boleslav II, led a successful expedition into Moravia; he conquered only a minor portion of the former Great Moravia, but it was large enough to constitute a province, and it was linked from then on with Bohemia.
The ambitions of Břetislav, who was enthroned in 1034, ran higher, and he invaded Poland in 1039—with only temporary success. Incurring the indignation of the German king Henry III, he was forced to evacuate the conquered territory and to make an oath of fealty (1041). In the latter part of his reign, Břetislav cooperated with Henry III (who was crowned Holy Roman emperor in 1046), thus protecting his domain against armed intervention. Břetislav’s submission marked the end of Bohemian attempts to break out from the hegemony of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire.
The kingdom was established by the Přemyslid dynasty in the 12th century by the Duchy of Bohemia, later ruled by the House of Luxembourg, the Jagiellonian dynasty, and from 1526 the House of Habsburg and its successor, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine.
Politics of the Czech Republic. Below is list of historically documented heads of the Czech statehood in its various iterations, including rulers of Great Moravia in the period since 830 AD.
Jul 18, 2023 · Discover the fascinating history of the crowned kings of Bohemia, from the first monarch, Vratislav II, to the last, Charles I. (the period between 1085-1918). The crowned kings of Bohemia were an integral part of the Czech country’s rich and complex history.
Sep 20, 2023 · When the powerful ruler of Moravia, Svatopluk died, the Czechs in Bohemia quickly worked to get rid of the supremacy of the Moravian ruling dynasty. This shift was key to their rise in influence...
