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In January 2021, President Joe Biden canceled the construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline: a structure proposed to connect the existing Keystone Pipeline from Hardisty, Alberta, to Steele City, Nebraska. The pipeline would have run through Montana where crude oil from American reserves would have been added, transporting an estimated 830,000 barre...

The goal of the pipeline was to extract tar sands oil (a sludge of sand, clay, water and bitumen used in gasoline and petroleum products ) from beneath Canada’s boreal forest and deliver it to refineries on the Gulf Coast – a process which is highly controversial due to its cost, lack of sustainability, and effect on neighboring habitats and popula...

Many proponents of the pipeline stated that the pipeline would be a positive stimulus to the economy, reiterating the U.S. State Department’s estimation that Keystone XL would “contribute $3.4 billion to US GDP, 28,000 construction jobs and generate over $100 million in tax revenue over its lifetime” . This logic follows the utilitarian approach, w...

The anthropocentric ethic of the Keystone XL pipeline extension would have been a threat to local ecosystems and the planet as a whole. Firstly, the Keystone Pipeline’s terminal in Alberta extracts not just ordinary crude oil, but tar sands oil, which is thicker, more acidic, more corrosive, and more likely to cause a leak . Since the beginning of ...

In the aftermath of the Civil War, approximately 368 treaties were established between the United States government and Native American tribes . As author and historian Sarah Pruitt states, “The treaties were based on the fundamental idea that each tribe was an independent nation, with their own right to self-determination and self-rule” . However,...

To avoid the problems of the Keystone Pipeline, engineers must take economic, environmental and human rights concerns into serious consideration before embarking on new projects and must weigh the benefits and consequences before beginning construction. The following questionnaire provides a blueprint for weighing these benefits and consequences: W...

Although it is somewhat idealistic to assume that all engineers and all governments will follow ethical guidelines, it is in their best interests to do so. The Keystone XL was an expensive endeavor, and aside from the part of the pipeline that is currently in use, the result of the failed project has translated into millions of dollars lost. If cor...

At the time of writing this paper, January Billington was a senior at the University of Southern California studying English with an emphasis in creative writing and music industry.

“Application for Presidential Permit for Keystone XL Pipeline Project”, TransCanada, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://2017-2021.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Application-for-Presidential-Permit-for-Keystone-XL-Pipeline-Project.pdf. K. Byng-Hall, “Keystone XL Pipeline Halted Over Environmental Backlash”, Tru, 2021. [Online]. Available: http...