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- Beirut became a cosmopolitan city and had close links with Europe and the United States. Beirut became a center of missionary activity, which was generally unsuccessful in conversions (a massacre of Christians in 1860 was the occasion for further European interventions), but did build an impressive education system.
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Beirut became the center of Arab intellectual activity in the nineteenth century. Provided with water from a British company and gas from a French one, the city thrived on exporting silk grown on nearby Mount Lebanon.
Jun 8, 2018 · During the 19th century, it was the centre of Muhammad Ali's revolt against the Ottoman Empire. In 1830 Beirut was captured by Egyptians, but in 1840 British and French forces restored Ottoman control. In 1920 it became capital of Lebanon under French mandate. With the creation of Israel, thousands of Arabs sought refuge in Beirut.
Beirut’s phenomenal rise and development in the latter half of the nineteenth century benefited from the two major trends that characterise the late Ottoman period: the post-Tanzimat modernisation and centralisation processes and the extensive penetration of European capital in the eastern Arab provinces of the Empire.
In the course of the nineteenth century, the relationship between Beirut and Mount Lebanon underwent important changes that have affected Lebanon's political life up to the present day. The city and the countryside had always been to some extent mutually dependent.
- Leila Fawaz
- 1984
Rather, the Jesuit project was simultaneously inscribed within multiple localities and spheres of influence that allowed the Jesuits to navigate various oppositions and to ensure the survival of their project in Beirut, thereby paving the way for future political and urban influence.
By basing itself in Beirut, the international commission helped shift the political focus of Greater Syria in the latter part of the nineteenth century away from Damascus to Beirut. Beirut was center stage, just at a time when Damascus was in disarray.
In the course of the nineteenth century, the relationship between Beirut and Mount Lebanon underwent important changes that have affected Lebanon's political life up to the present day.
