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Czech ( / tʃɛk /; endonym: čeština [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] ), historically also known as Bohemian [5] ( / boʊˈhiːmiən, bə -/; [6] Latin: lingua Bohemica ), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script. [5] Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic.
- 10.7 million (2015)
- History
- Etymology
- Modes
- Types
- Modalities
- Venues
- Associations
- Certifications
- See Also
- References
Historiography
Research into the various aspects of the history of interpreting is quite new.For as long as most scholarly interest was given to professional conference interpreting, very little academic work was done on the practice of interpreting in history, and until the 1990s, only a few dozen publications were done on it. Considering the amount of interpreting activities that is assumed to have occurred for thousands of years, historical records are limited. Moreover, interpreters and their work have...
Many Indo-European languages have words for interpreting and interpreter. Expressions in Germanic, Scandinavian and Slavic languages denoting an interpreter can be traced back to Akkadian, around 1900 BCE. The Akkadian root targumânu/turgumânu also gave rise to the term dragoman via an etymological sideline from Arabic. The English word interpreter...
Consecutive
In consecutive interpreting (CI), the interpreter starts to interpret after the speaker pauses; thus much more time (perhaps double) is needed. Customarily, such an interpreter will sit or stand near the speaker. Consecutive interpretation can be conducted in a pattern of short or long segments according to the interpreter's preference. In short CI, the interpreter relies mostly on memory whereas, in long CI, most interpreters will rely on note-taking. The notes must be clear and legible in o...
Simultaneous
Simultaneous interpretation (SI) has the disadvantage that if a person is performing the service the interpreter must do the best they can within the time permitted by the pace of source speech. However they also have the advantages of saving time and not disturbing the natural flow of the speaker. SI can also be accomplished by software where the program can simultaneously listen to incoming speech and speak the associated interpretation. The most common form is extempore SI, where the inter...
The progressive shift from consecutive to simultaneous
Pavel Palazchenko's My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze: The Memoir of a Soviet Interpreter gives a short history of modern interpretation and of the transition from its consecutive to simultaneous forms. He explains that during the nineteenth century interpreters were rarely needed during European diplomatic discussions; these were routinely conducted in French, and all government diplomats were required to be fluent in this language. Most European government leaders and heads of state...
Conference
Conference interpreting refers to interpretation at a conference or large meeting, either simultaneously or consecutively. The advent of multi-lingual meetings has reduced the amount of consecutive interpretation in the last 20 years. Conference interpretation is divided between two markets: institutional and private. International institutions (EU, UN, EPO, et cetera), which hold multilingual meetings, often favor interpreting several foreign languages into the interpreters' mother tongues....
Judicial
Judicial, legal, or court interpreting occurs in courts of justice, administrative tribunals, and wherever a legal proceeding is held (i.e., a police station for an interrogation, a conference room for a deposition, or the locale for taking a sworn statement). Legal interpreting can be the consecutive interpretation of witnesses' testimony, for example, or the simultaneous interpretation of entire proceedings, by electronic means, for one person, or all of the people attending. In a legal con...
Escort interpreter
In escort interpreting, an interpreter accompanies a person or a delegation on a tour, on a visit, or to a business meeting or interview. An interpreter in this role is called an escort interpreter or an escorting interpreter. An escort interpreter's work session may run for days, weeks, or even months, depending on the period of the client's visit. This type of interpreting is often needed in business contexts, during presentations, investor meetings, and business negotiations. As such, an e...
Interpreting services can be delivered in multiple modalities. The most common modality through which interpreting services are provided is on-site interpreting.
The majority of professional full-time conference interpreters work for phone interpreting agencies, health care institutions, courts, school systems and international organizations like the United Nations (for the United Nations Interpretation Service), the European Union, or the African Union. The world's largest employer of interpreters is curre...
There are a number of interpreting and translation associations around the world, including NAATI (National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters), AIIC (The International Association of Conference Interpreters), CATTI (China Accreditation Test for Translators and Interpreters), CTTIC (Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Int...
No worldwide testing or certification agency exists for all types of interpreters. For conference interpretation, there is the International Association of Conference Interpreters, or AIIC. Specific regions, countries, or even cities will have their own certification standards. In many cases, graduates of a certain caliber university program acts a...
Cf., Literal translationSources
1. Bertone, Laura: The Hidden Side of Babel: Unveiling Cognition, Intelligence and Sense. 2006, ISBN 987-21049-1-3[Evolución, Organización intercultural] 2. Farwick, Judith (2018). Between the Signs. How to take notes without words. Duesseldorf. ISBN 9783752802696 3. Gaiba, Francesca (1998). The Origins of Simultaneous Interpretation: The Nuremberg Trial. University of Ottawa Press. ISBN 978-0776604572. 4. Pöchhacker, Franz (2016). Introducing Interpreting Studies (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9...
May 12, 2023 · 1. Open Wikipedia's translation tool. To do so, visit this page. You will need to be logged in and be autoconfirmed to use this tool. 2. Select an article to translate. You can choose a suggestion or click on "New translation" then enter the article to translate. 3. Choose the languages to translate from and to.
- 3. Choose the languages to translate from and to. For example, to translate from Spanish to English, select "Spanish" in the first chevron and "Eng...
- 4. Click on Start translation. This will open the content translation page.
- 5. Avoid making machine translations. Machine translations are good for learning which words mean what, but it would be better for you to translate...
- 6. Translate each section bit by bit. If you leave to take a break, you can come back later to finish your translation. There is no rush to get a p...
- 7. Publish when done. When you are done, click on Publish. This will save the edit to the appropriate language Wikipedia.
Czech Wikipedia. The Czech Wikipedia ( Czech: Česká Wikipedie) is the Czech language edition of Wikipedia. [1] [2] [3] This Wikipedia contains 544,734 articles, 2,446 active users, and 32 administrators. It was created on May 3, 2002. [4] However, at that time, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki software. The three pages the Czech version had at the ...
About Wikipedia; Contact us; Donate; Contribute ... Czech–English translators ... Czech–Spanish translators (3 P) Pages in category "Translators from Czech"
