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Russian[ e ] is an East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, [ f ] and is the native language of the Russians. It was the de facto and de jure[ 23 ] official language of the former Soviet Union. [ 24 ]
- Russian Alphabet
The Russian alphabet (ру́сский алфави́т, russkiy alfavit,...
- Rusyn Language
Rusyn (/ ˈ r uː s ɪ n / ROO-sin; [citation needed]...
- East Slavic Language
The East Slavic territory exhibits a linguistic continuum...
- History of The Russian Language
Russian is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European...
- Old East Slavic
Old East Slavic [a] (traditionally also Old Russian) was a...
- Russian Grammar
Various terms are used to describe Russian grammar with the...
- Balto-Slavic Languages
A few are more intent on explaining the similarities between...
- Great Russia
Map of the Russian Empire from The Universal Atlas (1894)....
- Russian Alphabet
Various terms are used to describe Russian grammar with the meaning they have in standard Russian discussions of historical grammar, as opposed to the meaning they have in descriptions of the English language; in particular, aorist, imperfect, etc., are considered verbal tenses, rather than aspects, because ancient examples of them are attested ...
- берём
- берёт
- берёшь
- take
- Vowels
- Consonants
- Effect of Loanwords
- Morphology and Syntax
Loss of yers
As with all other Slavic languages, the ultra-short vowels termed yers were lost or transformed. From the documentary evidence of Old East Slavic, this appears to have happened in the 12th century, about 200 years after its occurrence in Old Church Slavonic. The result was straightforward, with reflexes that preserve the front-back distinction between the yers in nearly all circumstances: 1. Strong *ь > /e/, with palatalization of the preceding consonant 2. Strong *ъ > /o/, without palataliza...
Loss of nasal vowels
The nasal vowels (spelled in the Cyrillic alphabet with yuses), which had developed from Common Slavic *eN and *oNbefore a consonant, were replaced with nonnasalized vowels: 1. Proto-Slavic *ǫ> Russian u 2. Proto-Slavic *ę > Russian ja (i.e. /a/with palatalization or softening of the preceding consonant) Examples: 1. PIE *h₁sónti "they are" > Proto-Slavic *sǫtь > суть (sutʹ) [sutʲ]ⓘ (literary in modern Russian; cf. Old Church Slavonic сѫтъ (sǫtĭ), Polish są, Latin sunt) 2. Proto-Slavic *rǫka...
Loss of prosodic distinctions
In earlier Common Slavic, vowel length was allophonic, an automatic concomitant to vowel quality, with *e *o *ь *ъ short and all other vowels (including nasal vowels) long. By the end of the Common Slavic period, however, various sound changes (e.g. pre-tonic vowel shortening followed by Dybo's law) produced contrastive vowel length. This vowel length survives (to varying extents) in Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian and Old Polish, but was lost entirely early in the history of Russ...
Consonant cluster simplification
Simplification of Common Slavic *dl and *tl to *l: 1. Common Slavonic *mydlo "soap" > Russian: мы́ло (mylo) [ˈmɨlə]ⓘ (cf. Polish mydło) Consonant clusters created by the loss of yers were sometimes simplified, but are still preserved in spelling: 1. здра́вствуйте (zdravstvujte) [ˈzdrastvʊjtʲe]ⓘ "hello" (first vrarely pronounced; such a pronunciation might indicate that the speaker intends to give the word its archaic meaning "be healthy") 1. 1.1. се́рдце (sérdce) [ˈsʲert͡sə] "heart" (d not pr...
Development of palatalized consonants
Around the tenth century, Russian may have already had paired coronal fricatives and sonorants so that /sznlr/ could have contrasted with /sʲzʲnʲlʲrʲ/, but any possible contrasts were limited to specific environments. Otherwise, palatalized consonants appeared allophonically before front vowels. When the yers were lost, the palatalization initially triggered by high vowels remained, creating minimal pairs like данъ /dan/ ('given') and дань /danʲ/ ('tribute'). At the same time, [ɨ], which was...
Depalatalization
The palatalized unpaired consonants *š *ž *c depalatalized at some point, with *š *ž becoming retroflex [ʂ] and [ʐ]. This did not happen, however, to *č, which remains to this day as palatalized /t͡ɕ/. Similarly *šč did not depalatalize, becoming /ɕː/ (formerly and still occasionally /ɕt͡ɕ/). The depalatalization of *š *ž *c is largely not reflected in spelling, which still writes e.g. шить (šitʹ), rather than *шыть (šytʹ), despite the pronunciation [ʂɨtʲ]. Paired palatalized consonants other...
A number of the phonological features of Russian are attributable to the introduction of loanwords (especially from non-Slavic languages), including: 1. Sequences of two vowels within a morpheme. Only a handful of such words, like паук 'spider' and оплеуха 'slap in the face' are native. 1.1. поэт [pɐˈɛt] 'poet'. From French poète. 1.2. траур [ˈtrau...
Some of the morphological characteristics of Russian are: 1. Loss of the vocative case 2. Loss of the aorist and imperfecttenses (still preserved in Old Russian) 3. Loss of the short adjective declensions except in the nominative 4. Preservation of all Proto-Slavic participles
Russian (русский язык (help), transliteration: russkiy yazyk) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian is a Slavic language in the Indo-European family.
Russian (Russian: русский язык, transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language. It is the main language spoken in Russia. It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.
May 18, 2018 · Rus·sian / ˈrəshən / • adj. of or relating to Russia, its people, or their language. • n. 1. a native or national of Russia. ∎ a person of Russian descent. ∎ hist. (in general use) a national of the former Soviet Union. 2. the East Slavic language of Russia. DERIVATIVES: Rus·sian·i·za·tion / ˌrəshənəˈzāshən / n. Rus·sian·ize / -ˌnīz / v.
Russian ( русский язык, tr. rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely used throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
