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6 hours ago · The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395 (2004). online edition [permanent dead link] Rodgers, Nigel. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire: A complete history of the rise and fall of the Roman Empire (2008) Rostovtzeff, M. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire (2 vol 1957); famous classic vol 2 online [permanent dead link]
6 hours ago · Notable deaths. January 10 – Jennell Jaquays, 67, tabletop and video game designer, with contributions for Dungeons & Dragons and at id Software. February 1 – Carl Weathers, 76, actor, best known for portraying Apollo Creed in the Rocky films and providing voice work in Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction, Mortal Kombat X and The Artful Escape.
1 day ago · Linear B is a syllabic script that was used for writing in Mycenaean Greek, the earliest attested form of the Greek language. The script predates the Greek alphabet by several centuries, the earliest known examples dating to around 1400 BC. [1] It is adapted from the earlier Linear A, an undeciphered script potentially used for writing the ...
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- Linear ALinear B
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In the 19th century some European scholars, such as Mountstuart Elphinstone, favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's Pashtun people but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship and, as explained by Morgenstierne in the Encyclopaedia of Islam, is for "various reasons very improbable". Instead scholars assume that the...
Early history
A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of Ghor and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid.Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the Ghaznavids and Seljuks for about 150 years. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler Bahram-Shah of Ghazna poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge i...
The Ghurids at their zenith
Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad, who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with the aid of his loyal brother Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat, and Balkh. In 1173, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad reconquered the city of Ghaz...
Decline and fall
A confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders, and the Khwarezmids were able to take over the Ghūrids' empire in about 1215. Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India. On his death, the importance of Ghazna and Ghor dissipated, and they were replaced by Delhi as power centre in India during the rule of his Mamluksuccessors.
The Ghurids were great patrons of Persian culture and literature and lay the basis for a Persianized state in Indian subcontinent. However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred Iranian architectureto India. Out of the Ghurid state grew the Delhi Sultanate which established the Persian language a...
Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001a). "Ghaznavids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. New York. pp. 578–583.Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001b). "Ghurids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. New York. pp. 586–590.Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Ghaznavids and Ghūrids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Iranian world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–165. ISBN 0-521-2009...O'Neal, Michael (2015). "Ghūrids". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.- Persian (court, literature)
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6 hours ago · ZORNHEYM kündigen neuen Schlagzeuger an und teilen brandneues Musik-Video zu «None for All». Mai 2024.
