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  2. Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (Italian: Rolando), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181. A native of Siena , Alexander became pope after a contested election , but had to spend much of his pontificate outside Rome while several rivals ...

  3. Alexander III (born c. 1105, Siena, Tuscany—died Aug. 30, 1181, Rome) was the pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England.

    • James M. Powell
  4. Alexander III. Alexander III, orig. Rolando Bandinelli, (born c. 1105, Siena, Tuscany—died Aug. 30, 1181, Rome), Pope (1159–81). A member of the group of cardinals who feared the growing strength of the Holy Roman Empire, he helped draw up an alliance with the Norman s (1156). As the representative of Pope Adrian IV, he angered Frederick I ...

  5. Pope Alexander III was the 170th pope. He served for nearly 22 years and remained pope until he passed away from natural causes. This article will focus on the life of Pope Alexander III and his time as pope.

  6. Alexander III, POPE, 1159-81 (ORLANDO BANDINELLI), born of a distinguished Sienese family; d. August 3, 1181. As professor in Bologna he acquired a great reputation as a canonist, which he increased by the publication of his commentary on the “Decretum” of Gratian, popularly known as “Summa Magistri Rolandi” (ed. Thaner, Innsbruck, 1874).

  7. A biography of Alexander III, the pope who faced four antipopes and the imperial threat of Frederick Barbarossa. Learn about his election, his exile, his councils, his legates, and his legacy.

  8. Jun 8, 2018 · Learn about the life and achievements of Alexander III, one of the great medieval popes who opposed the emperor Frederick I and the antipopes. Find out how he instituted the two-thirds majority rule for papal elections, championed the universities, and endorsed ecclesiastical independence.

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