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- In northern and western Europe, early helmets were of leather reinforced with bronze or iron straps and usually took the form of conical or hemispherical skullcaps. Gradually the amount of metal increased until entire helmets were fashioned of iron, still following the same form. About the year 1200 the helm, or heaume, emerged.
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Medieval Helmets are made out of iron and steel, just like the rest of the Armour. In the middle ages, they were made by an armorer, which is a blacksmith who specialized in making quality Armour. Sometimes the Helmets were made by regular blacksmiths, which was cheaper but lesser in quality.
- Spangenhelm. These helmets were created between the fall of the Roman Empire and the Norman conquest’s start and were a popular medieval European combat helmet.
- Norman or Nasal Helmet. Nasal helmets, usually conical, had a projecting bar covering the nose and protecting the face’s center. The helm style slowly replaced the spangenhelms during the 9th century, and we can see them being worn by the Normans who fought at the Battle of Hastings under William the Conqueror.
- Kettle Helm. This 11th-century helmet, known as Kettle Hat or War Hat (created earlier but most popularised around that time) had wide metal brims and was made of iron or steel.
- Great Helm. The great helm covered the entire head and arose in the late twelfth century in the context of the Crusades. It remained in use until the fourteenth century.
- Tristan Hughes
- Spangenhelm. The spangenhelm (literally spangen helm or ‘braces helmet’) has its origins back in ancient times. One of the first attestations for this helmet design dates to the reign of the Emperor Trajan (98 -117).
- Conical / nasal helmet. Although the Spangenhelm continued to be used by soldiers down into the 11th and 12th centuries, by the time of the Norman Conquest, it had been largely-replaced by the nasal helmet.
- Flat-topped helmet. The flat-topped helmet was another type of nasal helmet that developed during the 12th century. Unlike its predecessor – and as the name suggests – this headgear was not cone-shaped in its design, but had a flat top and square profile.
- Enclosed helmet. Medieval European armourers developed the enclosed helmet at the close of the 12th century. Its most notable improvement – compared to its flat-topped predecessor – was the pierced metal plate that protected the soldier’s face.
The Spangenhelm was a popular construction method used to make helmets during the early medieval period, commonly separate sections of the helmet were joined together using metal strips that were riveted in place.
European warriors of the early Middle Ages used both indigenous forms of military equipment and arms and armor derived from late Roman types. One of the most widely used types of helmet was the Spangenhelm. Body armor was usually either a short-sleeved mail shirt (byrnie), made up of interlocking iron rings, or a garment of overlapping scales ...
In northern and western Europe, early helmets were of leather reinforced with bronze or iron straps and usually took the form of conical or hemispherical skullcaps. Gradually the amount of metal increased until entire helmets were fashioned of iron, still following the same form.
From the Norman Conquest to the end of the 12th century, the Medieval Helmets were mainly of the type known as the "nasal helmet", a casque with an extension protecting the nose, hence the name. It was also known as the "Casque Normand", and it was surmounting the continuous coif.
