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Swedish pronunciation of most consonants is similar to that of other Germanic languages. There are 18 consonant phonemes, of which / ɧ / and /r/ show considerable variation depending on both social and dialectal context.
Swedish is an Indo-European language belonging to the North Germanic branch of the Germanic languages. In the established classification, it belongs to the East Scandinavian languages, together with Danish, separating it from the West Scandinavian languages, consisting of Faroese, Icelandic, and Norwegian.
Swedish is the main language in Sweden and one of the two official languages in Finland (Finnish is the other). It is the largest of the North Germanic languages and has about 10.5 million L1 speakers worldwide. How many have acquired Swedish as a second language is hard to estimate.
A phoneme is a sound, or set of similar speech sounds, which are perceived as a single distinctive sound by speakers of the language or dialect in question. For example, the "c/k" sounds in cat and kitten represent the English phoneme /k/. Phonemes are divided in vowels and consonants.
The Swedish sign language is not officially a minority language, but enjoys special status. There are large groups of speakers of e.g. Arabic, Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian, Kurdish, Greek and Somali. The chapter contains also some notes on the language policy of Sweden, dialect areas and Inter-Scandinavian understanding of spoken and written language.
Status: official language in Sweden and Finland. There used to be Swedish-speaking communities in Estonia ( Estland ). About a thousand of those Swedes migrated to southern Ukraine after Estonia became part of the Russian Empire in the 18th century.
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There are eighteen consonant phonemes in Swedish. Sixteen of these occur in both a short and a long variant, and that distinction is phonemic. This is to say that consonants may be lexically specified with a mora.
