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The Celtic languages ( / ˈkɛltɪk / KEL-tik) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. [1] The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, [2] following Paul-Yves Pezron, who made the explicit link between the Celts described ...
The term Irish Gaelic may be seen when English speakers discuss the relationship between the three Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx). Gaelic is a collective term for the Goidelic languages, [6] [23] [7] [10] [24] and when the context is clear it may be used without qualification to refer to each language individually.
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Goidelic languages, one of two groups of the modern Celtic languages; the group includes Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic. The Goidelic languages originated in Ireland and are distinguished from the other group of Insular Celtic tongues—the Brythonic—by the retention of the sound q (later
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Nomenclature
- Classification
- Origin, History, and Range
- Irish
- Scottish Gaelic
- Manx
- Comparison
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Gaelic, by itself, is sometimes used to refer to Scottish Gaelic, especially in Scotland, and therefore is ambiguous. Irish and Manx are sometimes referred to as Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic (as they are Goidelic or Gaelic languages), but the use of the word "Gaelic" is unnecessary because the terms Irish and Manx, when used to denote languages, al...
The family tree of the Goidelic languages, within the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language family, is as follows 1. Primitive Irish 1.1. Old Irish 1.1.1. Middle Irish 1.1.1.1. Modern Irish 1.1.1.2. Scottish Gaelic 1.1.1.3. Manx
During the historical era, Goidelic was restricted to Ireland and, possibly, the west coast of Scotland. Medieval Gaelic literature tells us that the kingdom of Dál Riata emerged in western Scotland during the 6th century. The mainstream view is that Dál Riata was founded by Irish migrants, but this is not universally accepted. Archaeologist Ewan C...
Irish is one of the Republic of Ireland's two official languages along with English. Historically the predominant language of the island, it is now mostly spoken in parts of the south, west, and northwest. The legally defined Irish-speaking areas are called the Gaeltacht; all government institutions of the Republic, in particular the parliament (Oi...
Some people in the north and west of mainland Scotland and most people in the Hebrides still speak Scottish Gaelic, but the language has been in decline. There are now believed to be approximately 60,000 native speakers of Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, plus around 1,000 speakers of the Canadian Gaelic dialect in Nova Scotia. Its historical range was...
Long the everyday language of most of the Isle of Man, Manx began to decline sharply in the 19th century. The last monolingual Manx speakers are believed to have died around the middle of the 19th century; in 1874 around 30% of the population were estimated to speak Manx, decreasing to 9.1% in 1901 and 1.1% in 1921. The last native speaker of Manx,...
Numbers
Comparison of Goidelic numbers, including Old Irish. Welsh numbers have been included for a comparison between Goidelic and Brythonic branches. * un and daa are no longer used in counting. Instead the suppletive forms nane and jeesare normally used for counting but for comparative purposes, the historic forms are listed in the table above
There are several languages that show Goidelic influence, although they are not Goidelic languages themselves: 1. Shelta language is sometimes thought to be a Goidelic language, but is in fact a cant based on Irish and English, with a primarily Irish-based grammar and English-based syntax. 2. The Bungi dialect in Canada is an English dialect spoken...
Specific dialects of Irish:Comparison of Irish and Scottish Gaelic Archived 29 March 2016 at the Wayback MachineA comparison of the Celtic languages. The six Celtic languages currently spoken are divided into two branches: Goidelic or Gaelic, and Brythonic or British. The former branch consists of Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic, while the latter branch includes Welsh, Cornish and Breton. While there are many similarities between the languages in each ...
Irish is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages, also known as Q-Celtic. It is closely related to Manx (Gaelg/Gailck) and Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig), the other Goidelic languages. There is some degree of mutual intelligibility between them, particular between the Scottish Gaelic of Islay and Argyll, Ulster Irish, and Manx.
These 6 languages can themselves be organized into two branches– the P-Celtic or Brythonic branch and the Q-Celtic or Goidelic branch. The P-Celt and Q-Celt tag comes from a difference in how words evolved from Indo-European.
