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Mamluk architecture was the architectural style that developed under the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517), which ruled over Egypt, the Levant, and the Hijaz from their capital, Cairo.
- Mamluk Sultanate
Mamluk architecture is distinguished in part by the...
- Mamluk
Most notably, Mamluk factions seized the sultanate centered...
- Mamluk Sultanate
Mamluk architecture is distinguished in part by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly creative and complex due to the limited available space in the city and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings.
- Overview
- Organization
- Relations with Homelands and Families
- Egypt
- Impact
- Other Regimes
- Rulers
- Office Titles and Terminology
- Gallery
- Dynasties Founded by Mamluks
Daniel Pipes argued that the first indication of the Mamluk military class was rooted in the practice of early Muslims such as Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and Uthman ibn Affan who before Islam, owned many slaves and practiced Mawla (Islamic manumission of slaves). The Zubayrids army under Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, son of Zubayr, used these freed slave retai...
Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo, Mamluks were purchased while still young males. They were raised in the barracks of the Citadel of Cairo. Because of their isolated social status (no social ties or political affiliations) and their austere military training, they were trusted to be loyal to their rulers.When their training was completed, they w...
In Egypt, studies have shown that mamluks from Georgia retained their native language, were aware of the politics of the Caucasus region, and received frequent visits from their parents or other relatives. In addition, they sent gifts to family members or gave money to build useful structures (a defensive tower, or even a church) in their native vi...
Early origins in Egypt
1. See also: Balkan slave trade The practice of recruiting slaves as soldiers in the Muslim world and turning them into Mamluks began in Baghdad during the 9th century CE, and was started by the Abbasid caliph al-Muʿtaṣim. From the 900s through the 1200s, medieval Egypt was controlled by dynastic foreign rulers, notably the Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids. Throughout these dynasties, thousands of Mamluk slave-soldiers and guards continued to be used and even took high offices. This increas...
French attack and Mamluk takeover
In June 1249, the Seventh Crusade under Louis IX of France landed in Egypt and took Damietta. After the Egyptian troops retreated at first, the sultan had more than 50 commanders hanged as deserters. When the Egyptian sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the power passed briefly to his son al-Muazzam Turanshah and then his favorite wife Shajar al-Durr, a Turk according to most historians, while others say she was an Armenian. She took control with Mamluk support and launched a counterattack against th...
Relationship with the Mongols
When the Mongol Empire's troops of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad in 1258 and advanced towards Syria, the Mamluk emir Baibars left Damascus for Cairo. There he was welcomed by Sultan Qutuz.After taking Damascus, Hulagu demanded that Qutuz surrender Egypt. Qutuz had Hulagu's envoys killed and, with Baibars' help, mobilized his troops. When Möngke Khan died in action against the Southern Song, Hulagu pulled the majority of his forces out of Syria to attend the kurultai (funeral ceremony). He left h...
According to Eric Chaney and Lisa Blades, the reliance on mamluks by Muslim rulers had a profound impact on the Arab world's political development. They argue that, because European rulers had to rely on local elites for military forces, lords and bourgeois acquired the necessary bargaining power to push for representative government. Muslim rulers...
There were various places in which Mamluks gained political or military power as a self-replicating military community. Some examples of this can be seen in the Tripolitania region of Libya, where Mamluk governors instated their various policies under the Ottoman Empire until October 18, 1912, when Italian forces took over the region in the Italo-T...
In India
1. 1206 Qutb-ud-din Aybak, founded Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi 2. 1210 Aram Shah 3. 1211 Shams ud din Iltutmish. Son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aybak. 4. 1236 Rukn ud din Firuz. Son of Iltutmish. 5. 1236 Razia Sultana. Daughter of Iltutmish. 6. 1240 Muiz ud din Bahram. Son of Iltutmish. 7. 1242 Ala ud din Masud. Son of Rukn ud din. 8. 1246 Nasiruddin Mahmud. Grandson of Iltutmish. 9. 1266 Ghiyas ud din Balban. Ex-slave, son-in-law of Iltutmish. 10. 1286 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad. Grandson of Balban and Nas...
In Iraq
1. 1704 Hasan Pasha 2. 1723 Ahmad Pasha, son of Hasan 3. 1749 Sulayman Abu Layla Pasha, son-in-law of Ahmad 4. 1762 Omar Pasha, son of Ahmad 5. 1780 Sulayman Pasha the Great, son of Omar 6. 1802 Ali Pasha, son of Omar 7. 1807 Sulayman Pasha the Little, son of Sulayman Great 8. 1813 Said Pasha, son of Sulayman Great 9. 1816 Dawud Pasha(1816–1831)
In Acre
1. 1805 Sulayman Pasha al-Adil, mamluk of Jezzar Pasha 2. 1819 Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali(1819–1831)
The following terms originally come from either Turkish or Ottoman Turkish language(the latter composed of Turkish, Arabic, and Persian words and grammar structures).
Portrait of a Mamluk, 1779Murad Bey, Circassian Mamluk chieftain and cavalrycommander, 1800A Mamluk cavalryman, drawing by Carle Vernet, 1810The Second of May 1808: The Charge of the Mamluks by Francisco de Goya(1814)The city of Cairo was considered the artistic capital of the expansive Islamic world under the Mamluk Sultanate. The prosperity of the city, and the powerful figures that resided there, attracted...
This history of Mamluk architecture examines the monuments of the Mamluks in their social, political and urban context during the period of their rule between 1250-1517. The book displays the multiple facets of Mamluk patronage, and also provides a succint discussion of sixty monuments built in Cairo by the Mamluk sultans.
The Bahri reign defined the art and architecture of the entire Mamluk period. Prosperity generated by the east-west trade in silks and spices supported the Mamluks’ generous patronage. Despite periods of internal struggle, there was tremendous artistic and architectural activity, developing techniques established by the Ayyubids and ...
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Mamluk architecture reflects the confidence derived from its military successes and is one of the most distinctive Islamic styles of building. The main source for Mamluk architecture was the buildings of the Ayyubids and in some senses, the Mamluk style is simply a development of that of the Ayyubids.
