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English orthography is the writing system used to represent spoken English, allowing readers to connect the graphemes to sound and to meaning. It includes English's norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation.
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- The English Writing System
- Phonemic Representation
- Confusing pronunciations from English Spellings
- Ough Words
- Homophone Differentiation
- Hyphenation in English Orthography
- Silent Letters in English
- Multiple Functionality in Spelling
The word ‘orthography’ refers to the rules for writing a language, such as conventions of spelling and punctuation. In an alphabetic script, such as English, this definition also includes its grapheme-phoneme (letter-sound) correspondences. English orthographyis the alphabetic spelling system used by the English language. English orthography uses a...
The letters in English orthography represent a particular sound. Single letters or multiple sequences of letters may provide indication of other sounds, such as ‘sh’, ‘ch’, ‘th’ or ‘ph’. Thus, the single letter ‘d’ in the word ‘dog’ represents a single sound, whereas in the word ‘shout’), we use the digraph (two letters) ‘sh’. We also sometimes use...
The same letters may indicate different sounds in English orthography. For example, the digraph ‘ch’ represents the first syllablein ‘church’ and ‘cheese’, but when used in the words ‘character’ and ‘chorus’ the ‘ch’ diagraph is pronounced differently (a hard ‘c’ or ‘k’ sound), to rhyme with ‘court’. Other examples include ‘ph’ sounding like ‘f’ (e...
The English language has quite a weak connection between the written form of a word and the spoken form of that word. For example, the letter combination ‘ough’ can be pronounced in many different ways depending on the rest of the letters surrounding it. The the words ‘bough’, ‘trough’, through’, thorough’, ‘enough’ all contain the letters ‘ough’ y...
Spelling may also be used to distinguish between English homophones(words with the same pronunciation but different meanings). For example, the words ‘hour’ and ‘our’ are pronounced identically in some accents. However, they are distinguished from each other in English orthography bythe addition of the letter ‘h’. Another example is the pair of hom...
The hyphen is a punctuation markused in English writing that is used to keep two words or phrases together. It shows the reader that two words are linked, whether that is to create a new word or simply to aid clarity. Hyphens are used with compound adjectives, that is, adjectives that are made up of two or more words. For example: ‘state-of the-art...
There are many spellings in the English language which do not look at all like they sound. There are functionless letters, such as the ‘b’ in ‘debt’ (from Latin ‘debitum’) the ‘s’ in ‘island’ (from the Latin insula instead of the more useful Norse igland). This is one of the most troublesome areas of English orthography and English phonology, where...
The letter ‘c’ is usually pronounced like ‘car’, cash’, ‘crazy’ (a hard ‘c’), but when used before the vowel ‘i’ is changes to sound like an ‘s’. This can be seen in the words ‘circle’, ‘cinema’, ‘cider’, ‘circus’, cigarette’ and ‘city’. Explore this section further to learn more about English punctuation and genre, form and register in English wri...
Feb 27, 2023 · Orthography includes all conventions used for writing a language, such as punctuation, hyphenation, word breaks, and emphasis. In this post, you'll learn more about the features of orthography and writing systems.
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It seeks to change English orthography so that it is more consistent, matches pronunciation better, and follows the alphabetic principle. Common motives for spelling reform include quicker learning, cheaper learning, and making English more useful as an international auxiliary language .
