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The Equisetidae were formerly regarded as a separate division of spore plants and called Equisetophyta, Arthrophyta, Calamophyta or Sphenophyta. When treated as a class, the names Equisetopsida s.s. and Sphenopsida have also been used.
Equisetaceae, also known as the horsetail family, [1] is a family of ferns and the only surviving family of the order Equisetales, with one surviving genus, Equisetum, comprising about twenty species. [2] Evolution and systematics.
- Etymology
- Description
- Taxonomy
- Distribution and Ecology
- Consumption
- Folk Medicine and Safety Concerns
- Further Reading
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The name "horsetail", often used for the entire group, arose because the branched species somewhat resemble a horse's tail. Similarly, the scientific name Equisetum is derived from the Latin equus ('horse') + seta('bristle'). Other names include candock for branching species, and snake grass or scouring-rush for unbranched or sparsely branched spec...
Equisetum leaves are greatly reduced and usually non-photosynthetic. They contain a single, non-branching vascular trace, which is the defining feature of microphylls. However, it has recently been recognised that horsetail microphylls are probably not ancestral as in lycophytes (clubmosses and relatives), but rather derived adaptations, evolved by...
Species
The living members of the genus Equisetum are divided into three distinct lineages, which are usually treated as subgenera. The name of the type subgenus, Equisetum, means "horse hair" in Latin, while the name of the other large subgenus, Hippochaete, means "horse hair" in Greek. Hybrids are common, but hybridization has only been recorded between members of the same subgenus. While plants of subgenus Equisetum are usually referred to as horsetails, those of subgenus Hippochaete are often cal...
Evolutionary history
The oldest remains of modern horsetails of the genus Equisetum first appear in the Early Jurassic, represented by Equisetum dimorphum from the Early Jurassic of Patagonia and Equisetum laterale from the Early-Middle Jurassic of Australia. Silicified remains of Equisetum thermale from the Late Jurassic of Argentina exhibit all the morphological characters of modern members of the genus. The estimated split between Equisetum bogotense and all other living Equisetumis estimated to have occurred...
The genus Equisetum as a whole, while concentrated in the non-tropical northern hemisphere, is near-cosmopolitan, being absent only from Antarctica, though they are not known to be native to Australia, New Zealand nor the islands of the Pacific. They are most common in northern North America (Canada and the northernmost United States), where the ge...
People have regularly consumed horsetails. For example, the fertile stems bearing strobili of some species are cooked and eaten like asparagus (a dish called tsukushi(土筆) in Japan[failed verification]). Indigenous nations across Cascadia consume and use horsetails in a variety of ways, with the Squamish calling them sx̱ém'x̱em and the Lushootseed u...
Extracts and other preparations of E. arvense have served as herbal remedies, with records dating over centuries. In 2009, the European Food Safety Authority concluded there was no evidence for the supposed health effects of E. arvense, such as for invigoration, weight control, skincare, hair health or bone health. As of 2018[update], there is insu...
Husby, Chad E.; Walkowiak, Radosław J. (2012). Zawada, Beth (ed.). "An Introduction to the Genus Equisetum (Horsetail) and the Class Equisetopsida (Sphenopsida) as a whole" (PDF). IEA Paper. Intern...Weber, Reinhard (June 2005). "Equisetites aequecaliginosus sp. nov., ein Riesenschachtelhalm aus der spättriassischen Formation Santa Clara, Sonora, Mexiko" [Equisetites aequecaliginosus sp. nov.,...Teichman, Rachel (2021-08-03). "The Ancient (Native) Horsetail: Sometimes Unwelcomed, Always Fascinating! – SSISC". SSISC – Sea to Sky Invasive Species Council. Retrieved 2021-08-06.National Collection of Equisetum"Horsetail" . Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.). 1911.Animal paintings of bison, boars, deer, horses, for example on the ceiling of the Cave of Altamira (roughly 34.000 years BC) and in other caves in the north of Spain suggest that hunting meat –probably by spears– was a major food source.
May 5, 2011 · Over 100 million years ago, the understory of late Mesozoic forests was dominated by a diverse group of plants of the class Equisetopsida. Today, only one genus from this group, Equisetum (also...
Jun 9, 2021 · In the 15th century, spices came to Europe via the Middle East land and sea routes, and spices were in huge demand both for food dishes and for use in medicines. The problem was how to access this market by sea.
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Apr 21, 2017 · The Andalusian origin of agroecology in Spain. Agroecology as a science and transformational practice emerged from the Institute of Sociology and Peasant Studies (Instituto de Sociología y Estudios Campesinos—ISEC) in the late 1980s.
